首先,室间隔缺损应通过超声心动图和对分流程度、是否伴随肺动脉高压及其程度等的评估来明确诊断。以肺血管阻力 Qp 与体循环阻力 Qs 的比值(Qp:Qs 比值)描述室间隔缺损造成的分流量大小。
小型缺损患者只需观察。通常建议 Qp 与 Qs 比值大于 1.5 的明显分流患者(具有中度和大型缺损)采用手术封堵闭合室间隔缺损。若患者存在心力衰竭症状,则须在手术封堵之前治疗心力衰竭。若存在重度肺动脉高压和艾森门格综合征,则不建议闭合室间隔缺损,可采用肺血管扩张剂(例如波生坦或西地那非)进行支持性治疗。对于出现艾森门格综合征的晚期疾病,可考虑实施心肺移植。[1]Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Dec 2;52(23):e143-263.http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/52/23/e143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19038677?tool=bestpractice.com
若室间隔缺损儿童的病情持续至成人期,则应将其转至成人心脏科。[13]Sable C, Foster E, Uzark K, et al. Best practices in managing transition to adulthood for adolescents with congenital heart disease: the transition process and medical and psychosocial issues: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123:1454-1485.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/123/13/1454.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21357825?tool=bestpractice.com
具有小型先天性缺损的患者
对于小型缺损患者(Qp:Qs 比 < 1.5),可采用密切观察的方法。在婴儿期,大多数小型缺损会自然闭合,未闭合的大部分缺损都没有血流动力学意义。[1]Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Dec 2;52(23):e143-263.http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/52/23/e143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19038677?tool=bestpractice.com
具有中型或大型先天性缺损的无症状患者
中型或大型缺损患者存在明显的左向右分流,若从左向右分流比在 1.5 至 2.0 之间,则适合矫正闭合。其他闭合适应症包括:肺动脉收缩压大于 50 mmHg;出现左心室和/或左心房扩大的迹象;出现左心室功能恶化的迹象。通常采用开放手术,使用补片(牛心包或合成材料)闭合室间隔缺损。[1]Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Dec 2;52(23):e143-263.http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/52/23/e143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19038677?tool=bestpractice.com一项研究发现,膜周部缺损的手术修复和经导管器械封堵术在儿童期疗效相同,但经导管器械封堵术的住院时间短、输血少且费用低。[14]Yang J, Yang L, Yu S, et al. Transcatheter versus surgical closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:1159-1168.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=1828662http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24509270?tool=bestpractice.com另一种方案是经皮器械封堵术封闭室间隔缺损,通过经皮穿刺放置一个封堵器,用于闭合室间隔缺损。患有 2 型或 4 型缺损且缺损不靠近瓣膜的患者可使用经皮术式。这种方法还曾用于由于患有严重疾病而导致手术封堵风险过高的病例。[15]Szkutnik M, Qureshi SA, Kusa J, et al. Use of the Amplatzer muscular ventricular septal defect occluder for closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects. Heart. 2007;93:355-358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16980519?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Masura J, Gao W, Gavora P, et al. Percutaneous closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects with the eccentric Amplatzer device: multicenter follow-up study. Pediatr Cardiol. 2005;26:216-219.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16082578?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Fu YC, Bass J, Amin Z, et al. Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects using the new Amplatzer membranous VSD occluder: results of the U.S. phase I trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:319-325.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16412854?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Butera G, Carminati M, Chessa M, et al. Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects: early and long-term results. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:1189-1195.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17868812?tool=bestpractice.com
具有中型或大型先天性缺损的有症状的患者
充血性心力衰竭的患者要在外科矫正前先接受内科治疗。呋塞米是一线治疗药物。根据临床反应,可加入血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE) 抑制剂和地高辛。建议出现发育迟滞、心腔扩大或心力衰竭症状或者发生心内膜炎并发症的所有患者都采用手术封堵。[1]Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Dec 2;52(23):e143-263.http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/52/23/e143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19038677?tool=bestpractice.com一旦心力衰竭得到充分治疗,就可采用开放手术或经皮器械封堵术闭合室间隔缺损。[1]Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Dec 2;52(23):e143-263.http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/52/23/e143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19038677?tool=bestpractice.com若存在贫血,应输注红细胞矫正;若存在缺铁性贫血,则应补铁矫正。
若患者进展为分流方向逆转和艾森门格综合征,则不可手术治疗室间隔缺损,只能采取支持性治疗。新型血管扩张剂在肺动脉高压的治疗方面前景良好。[19]Beghetti M, Galiè N. Eisenmenger syndrome: a clinical perspective in a new therapeutic era of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:733-740.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19245962?tool=bestpractice.com研究表明,艾森门格综合征的有效药物包括内皮素拮抗剂波生坦、[20]Galiè N, Beghetti M, Gatzoulis MA, et al. Bosentan therapy in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Circulation. 2006;114:48-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16801459?tool=bestpractice.com磷酸二酯酶-5 抑制剂西地那非、[21]Chau EM, Fan KY, Chow WH. Effects of chronic sildenafil in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome versus idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Int J Cardiol. 2007;120:301-305.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17174418?tool=bestpractice.com以及少数研究中采用的前列腺素依前列醇输注。[22]Fernandes SM, Newburger JW, Lang P, et al. Usefulness of epoprostenol therapy in the severely ill adolescent/adult with Eisenmenger physiology. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:362-365.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12615282?tool=bestpractice.com但美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 并不推荐使用西地那非治疗儿科患者的此种适应症,因为一项试验显示,剂量较大时死亡风险会增加,所以除非医疗小组认为此内科治疗的益处可能超过其潜在风险时方可使用。Revatio (sildenafil): drug safety communication - FDA clarifies warning about pediatric use for pulmonary arterial hypertension[23]Barst RJ, Ivy DD, Gaitan G, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of oral sildenafil citrate in treatment-naive children with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation. 2012;125:324-334.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/125/2/324.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22128226?tool=bestpractice.com可考虑为非常严重的患者实施心肺移植。[24]Waddell TK, Bennett L, Kennedy R, et al. Heart-lung or lung transplantation for Eisenmenger syndrome. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2002;21:731-737.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12100899?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Stoica SC, McNeil KD, Perreas K, et al. Heart-lung transplantation for Eisenmenger syndrome: early and long-term results. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72:1887-1891.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11789765?tool=bestpractice.com
艾森门格综合征患者往往出现红细胞增多症,以代偿低氧血症,有些患者会发生高粘血症。高粘血症表现为头痛、疲劳,有时会出现精神状态改变。若有症状,可采用静脉切开术和静脉注射生理盐水治疗。无需对无症状的红细胞增多症行常规的静脉切开术。贫血和血容量不足会引发类似症状,应在治疗前加以排除。
心肌梗死导致的获得性室间隔缺损患者
由于不进行手术,死亡率会非常高,因此所有患者都需手术治疗。[9]Birnbaum Y, Fishbein MC, Blanche C, et al. Ventricular septal defect after acute myocardial infarction. New Engl J Med. 2002;347:1426-1432.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12409546?tool=bestpractice.com紧急手术后死亡率会降低很多。一般来说,为明确冠状解剖学结构以便实施冠状动脉旁路移植术,以及采用主动脉内气囊泵来稳定患者,通常会在开放手术前行冠状动脉造影和主动脉气囊泵插入。[9]Birnbaum Y, Fishbein MC, Blanche C, et al. Ventricular septal defect after acute myocardial infarction. New Engl J Med. 2002;347:1426-1432.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12409546?tool=bestpractice.com伴随冠状动脉重建术似乎可改善治疗效果。[26]Perrotta S, Lentini S. In patients undergoing surgical repair of post-infarction ventricular septal defect, does concomitant revascularization improve prognosis? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009;9:879-887.http://icvts.oxfordjournals.org/content/9/5/879.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19692439?tool=bestpractice.com若开放手术封堵的风险过高,可选择经皮器械封堵术。[27]Landzberg MJ, Lock JE. Transcatheter management of ventricular septal rupture after myocardial infarction. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;10:128-132.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9620460?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Pesonen E, Thilen U, Sandstrom S, et al. Transcatheter closure of post-infarction ventricular septal defect with the Amplatzer Septal Occluder device. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2000;34:446-448.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10983682?tool=bestpractice.com
创伤导致的获得性室间隔缺损的患者
曾有过穿透伤(例如刺伤)后室间隔缺损的报告,也有过钝器创伤,例如机动车辆事故伤害后间隔缺损的报告,但比较罕见。创伤性室间隔缺损在临床上出现的时间不一致,可能立即出现,也可能延迟出现。在大型缺损患者中,通常采用手术方法修补创伤性室间隔缺损。分流不明显的小型缺损可采用保守方法处理。
预防性抗生素
由于贯穿室间隔缺损的流速很高,因此与一般人群相比,室间隔缺损患者患感染性心内膜炎的风险会增加。甚至不具有血流动力学意义的小型缺损也会引发心内膜炎。[29]Gabriel HM, Heger M, Innerhofer P, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with ventricular septal defect considered not to require surgical closure during childhood. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1066-1071.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11897452?tool=bestpractice.com
应对这些患者保持高度警惕;感染性心内膜炎的表现通常不具特异性,最常出现发热和外周栓子的疑似体征:Osler 结节、Roth 斑或 Janeway 损害。
不再向所有室间隔缺损患者推荐抗生素预防,但特别高危人群仍可采用:艾森门格综合征患者;有感染性心内膜炎既往史的患者;采用补片修复或经皮器械封堵术闭合室间隔缺损后 6 个月以内的患者;或闭合后有残余缺损的患者。对于常规胃肠道手术,不再建议使用预防疗法。[1]Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Dec 2;52(23):e143-263.http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/52/23/e143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19038677?tool=bestpractice.com心内膜炎并发症是室间隔缺损矫正闭合的适应症,无论其缺损大小。