心脏起搏可能对治疗伴心动过缓的颈动脉窦综合征有效,防止心动过缓诱发型晕厥。 然而,由于持续存在的血管抑制反应,患者可能仍然存在症状。
起搏对难治性血管迷走性晕厥患者的有效性不确定。 直观认为,可通过起搏预防严重心动过缓(心动抑制性晕厥)。 三项非盲试验表明了起搏的效力,[76]Sutton R, Brignole M, Menozzi C, et al. Dual-chamber pacing in the treatment of neurally mediated tilt-positive cardioinhibitory syncope: pacemaker versus no therapy: a multicenter randomized study. The Vasovagal Syncope International Study (VASIS) investigators. Circulation. 2000;102:294-299.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/102/3/294.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10899092?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Connolly SJ, Sheldon R, Roberts RS, et al. The North American Vasovagal Pacemaker Study (VPS). A randomized trial of permanent cardiac pacing for the prevention of vasovagal syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:16-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9935002?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Ammirati F, Colivicchi F, Santini M; Syncope Diagnosis and Treatment Study Investigators. Permanent cardiac pacing versus medical treatment for the prevention of recurrent vasovagal syncope: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Circulation. 2001;104:52-57.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/104/1/52.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11435337?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,随后 2 项使用起搏器治疗的试验发现,两个治疗组均未显示出获益。[43]Raviele A, Giada F, Menozzi C, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of permanent cardiac pacing for the treatment of recurrent tilt-induced vasovagal syncope. The Vasovagal Syncope and Pacing Trial (SYNPACE). Eur Heart J. 2004;25:1741-1748.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/19/1741.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15451153?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Connolly SJ, Sheldon R, Thorpe KE, et al. Pacemaker therapy for prevention of syncope in patients with recurrent severe vasovagal syncope: Second Vasovagal Pacemaker Study (VPS II): a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;289:2224-2249.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=196492http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12734133?tool=bestpractice.com 一项关于难治性血管迷走性晕厥患者(但无其他疾病)的随机交叉研究显示,与常规起搏器相比(CLS 关),双腔闭环刺激(CLS 开)可使晕厥复发率降低。[86]Russo V, Rago A, Papa AA, et al. The effect of dual-chamber closed-loop stimulation on syncope recurrence in healthy patients with tilt-induced vasovagal cardioinhibitory syncope: a prospective, randomised, single-blind, crossover study. Heart. 2013;99:1609-1613.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23723446?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,对文献的系统性综述表明,并无充分证据支持起搏器治疗的使用。[60]Jacobus JR, Johannes BR, Catherine NB, et al. Drugs and pacemakers for vasovagal, carotid sinus and situational syncope. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(10):CD004194.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21975744?tool=bestpractice.com 美国心脏病学会/美国心脏协会/美国心律协会关于晕厥患者的评估和管理指南确实建议,对“年龄在 40 岁及以上、有复发性血管迷走性晕厥且有长时间自发性心脏停博”的一小部分患者,可考虑采用双腔起搏。[1]Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Heart Rhythm. 2017 Mar 9 [Epub ahead of print].http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2017/03/09/CIR.0000000000000499http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28286247?tool=bestpractice.com