美国癌症学会估计 2016 年美国预计诊断出 13,430 名新发喉癌病例,或新发喉癌病例占所有确诊新发癌症病例(不包括除膀胱癌之外的基底细胞和鳞状细胞皮肤癌和原位癌)的 0.79%。[4]American Cancer Society. Cancer facts and figures 2016. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, Inc; 2016.http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@research/documents/document/acspc-047079.pdf 英国和波多黎各的数据显示喉癌发病率在降低。[5]Villanueva-Reyes A, Strand E, Nazario CM, et al. Cancer of the larynx in Puerto Rico. P R Health Sci J. 2008;27:196-203.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18782962?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Coupland VH, Chapman P, Linklater KM, et al. Trends in the epidemiology of larynx and lung cancer in south-east England, 1985-2004. Br J Cancer. 2009;100:167-169.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19018256?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,中欧和东欧国家的发病率似乎有上升趋势。[7]Sapkota A, Hsu CC, Zaridze D, et al. Dietary risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract in central and eastern Europe. Cancer Causes Control. 2008;19:1161-1170.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18512121?tool=bestpractice.com 丹麦的数据显示喉癌发病率与社会经济发展程度负相关。[8]Andersen ZJ, Lassen CF, Clemmensen IH. Social inequality and incidence of and survival from cancers of the mouth, pharynx and larynx in a population-based study in Denmark, 1994-2003. Eur J Cancer. 2008;44:1950-1961.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657968?tool=bestpractice.com
喉癌约占全部头颈部癌症的1/4,最常见的声门型喉癌。[9]American Cancer Society. Cancer facts & figures: 2008. 2008. http://www.cancer.org (last accessed 28 October 2016).http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@nho/documents/document/2008cafffinalsecuredpdf.pdf[10]Agrawal N, Ha PK. Management of early-stage laryngeal cancer. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2008;41:757-769.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18570957?tool=bestpractice.com 黑人的发病率较白人高。[11]Devlin JG, Langer CJ. Combined modality treatment of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2007;7:331-350.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17338653?tool=bestpractice.com 男/女的患病率比约为4/1。[11]Devlin JG, Langer CJ. Combined modality treatment of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2007;7:331-350.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17338653?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,在很多国家女性的喉癌患病率在逐年增加,可能与女性烟民数量增加有关。[8]Andersen ZJ, Lassen CF, Clemmensen IH. Social inequality and incidence of and survival from cancers of the mouth, pharynx and larynx in a population-based study in Denmark, 1994-2003. Eur J Cancer. 2008;44:1950-1961.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657968?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Van Cauwenberge P, Dhooge I, Ingels K. Epidemiology and etiological factors of laryngeal cancer. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1992;46:99-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1605026?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Altumbabic H, Salkic A, Ramas A, et al. Pattern of head and neck malignant tumours in a Tuzla ENT clinic - a five year experience. Bosnian J Basic Med Sci. 2008;8:377-380.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19125712?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Bien S, Kaminski B, Zylka S, et al. Evolution of the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of larynx and hypopharynx carcinoma in Poland from 1991 to 2001. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;265(suppl 1):S39-S46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17955255?tool=bestpractice.com 头颈部肿瘤患者及其一级亲属的染色体异常和脆性部位表达量高于对照组。[15]Egeli U, Ozkan L, Tunca B, et al. The relationship between genetic susceptibility to head and neck cancer with the expression of common fragile sites. Head Neck. 2000;22:591-598.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10941161?tool=bestpractice.com 每天喝相当于2杯 12盎司(350ml)装啤酒人群患喉癌的相对风险为1.38,而每天喝相当于8杯12盎司(350ml)装啤酒人群患喉癌的相对风险增至3.95(95% CI)。[16]Bagnardi V, Blangiardo M, La Vecchia C, et al. A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and cancer risk. Br J Cancer. 2001;85:1700-1705.http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v85/n11/pdf/6692140a.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11742491?tool=bestpractice.com 每天吸烟20根或以上,且超过40年的人群患喉癌的相对风险>10。既吸烟又饮酒使患喉癌的风险有倍增效应。有报道估计其相对风险范围从8.0到大于100不等。[17]Pelucchi C, Gallus S, Garavello W, et al. Cancer risk associated with alcohol and tobacco use: focus on upper aero-digestive tract and liver. Alcohol Res Health. 2006;29:193-198.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17373408?tool=bestpractice.com 由于年轻人群中烟酒消耗增多,英国青年中头颈肿瘤病例预计每年增加500-1000例。[18]British Association of Endocrine and Thyroid Surgeons. Head, neck and thyroid cancers 2012 - vision paper. 2010. 鳞癌是喉癌中最常见的组织学类型,约占95%。[19]Hoffman HT, Iseli TA, Karnell LH, et al. Management of early glottic cancer. In: Cummings CW, Flint PW, Haughey BH, et al, eds. Cummings otolaryngology: head and neck surgery. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2005:2285-2325. 其他常见的喉恶性肿瘤包括肉瘤、淋巴瘤、腺癌和神经内分泌肿瘤。[3]Adams GL, Maisel RH. Malignant tumors of the larynx and hypopharynx. In: Cummings otolaryngology: head and neck surgery. Cummings CW, Flint PW, Harker LA, et al, eds. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2005:2222-2283.