目前已有多种预防措施得到临床验证与推广。[9]Lalla RV, Bowen J, Barasch A, et al. MASCC/ISOO clinical practice guidelines for the management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy. Cancer. 2014;120:1453-1461.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164022/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24615748?tool=bestpractice.com这些预防措施应根据个体差异,整合到恶性肿瘤的治疗方案中。患者静脉推注半衰期短的化疗药物(如氟尿嘧啶、美法仑)时,使用冰块来进行“冷冻疗法”,可以减轻口腔黏膜炎的严重程度。[10]Peterson DE, Ohrn K, Bowen J, et al. Systematic review of oral cryotherapy for management of oral mucositis caused by cancer therapy. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21:327-332.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22993025?tool=bestpractice.com一般认为,这种效应的原理是局部血管收缩导致到达口腔黏膜的药量减少。在接受化疗前5分钟,将冰块置于口内,此后根据需要补充,使用时间不超过30分钟。
对于正在接受骨髓毒性治疗、需要造血支持的血液系统恶性肿瘤患者,重组人角质细胞生长因子- 1(帕利夫明)可减少严重口腔黏膜炎的发生率和持续时间。[11]Spielberger R, Stiff P, Bensinger W, et al. Palifermin for oral mucositis after intensive therapy for hematologic cancers. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2590-2598.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa040125#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15602019?tool=bestpractice.com在接受化疗前3天和后3天连续静脉注射该药。
对于接受化疗的患者,保持良好的口腔卫生可以减轻口腔黏膜炎。[12]Cheng KK, Molassiotis A, Chang AM, et al. Evaluation of an oral care protocol intervention in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in paediatric cancer patients. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37:2056-2063.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11597384?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Levy-Polack MP, Sebelli P, Polack NL. Incidence of oral complications and application of a preventive protocol in children with acute leukemia. Spec Care Dentist. 1998;18:189-193.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10219183?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Borowski B, Benhamou E, Pico JL, et al. Prevention of oral mucositis in patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation: a randomised controlled trial comparing two protocols of dental care. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol. 1994;30B:93-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8032307?tool=bestpractice.com治疗前接受适当的牙科治疗,并在治疗期间接受口腔护理可有效预防口腔黏膜炎的发生。[15]McGuire DB, Fulton JS, Park J, et al. Systematic review of basic oral care for the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21:3165-3177.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24018908?tool=bestpractice.com口腔护理应包括使用定期更换的软毛牙刷。
对于有金属牙修复体的患者,可用牙齿保护套、棉卷、或石蜡等使黏膜和金属隔离,从而防止射线接触金属后发生反向散射,引起相邻部位的黏膜炎。[16]Hensley ML, Hagerty KL, Kewalramani T, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2008 clinical practice guideline update: use of chemotherapy and radiation therapy protectants. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:127-145.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/27/1/127http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19018081?tool=bestpractice.com
对于在造血干细胞移植前接受高剂量化疗或放化疗的患者和接受头颈部放疗而未同时接受化疗的患者来说,弱激光治疗可减轻口腔黏膜炎的严重程度。[17]Migliorati C, Hewson I, Lalla RV, et al. Systematic review of laser and other light therapy for the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21:333-341.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23001179?tool=bestpractice.com其作用机制尚不明确,但可能是通过促进愈合和抗炎来发挥作用。[18]Lopes NN, Plapler H, Chavantes MC, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in 5-fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis in hamsters: evaluation of two low-intensity laser protocols. Support Care Cancer. 2009;17:1409-1415.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19234862?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Lopes NN, Plapler H, Lalla RV, et al. Effects of low-level laser therapy on collagen expression and neutrophil infiltrate in 5-fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis in hamsters. Lasers Surg Med. 2010;42:546-552.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20662031?tool=bestpractice.com很多肿瘤中心不具备弱激光治疗的条件。
对于接受中等剂量头颈部放疗(达50Gy)且未接收化疗的患者,苄达明漱口液有助于减轻黏膜炎的严重程度。[20]Nicolatou-Galitis O, Sarri T, Bowen J, et al. Systematic review of anti-inflammatory agents for the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21:3179-3189.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23702538?tool=bestpractice.com然而,头颈部恶性肿瘤的大多数放疗方案的射线量在60-70Gy之间,并且常同时进行化疗。