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Astley SJ. Diagnostic guide for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: the 4-digit diagnostic code. 3rd ed. Seattle, WA: University of Washington; 2004.

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National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. Fetal alcohol syndrome: guidelines for referral and diagnosis. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2004.

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Cook JL, Green CR, Lilley CM, et al. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a guideline for diagnosis across the lifespan. CMAJ. 2016;188:191-197.

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Hoyme HE, May PA, Kalberg WO, et al. A practical clinical approach to diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: clarification of the 1996 institute of medicine criteria. Pediatrics. 2005;115:39-47.

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Streissguth AP, Bookstein FL, Barr HM, et al. Risk factors for adverse life outcomes in fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2004;25:228-238.

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Koren G, Sarkar M, Rosenbaum C, et al. The maternal drinking history guide: development of a national educational tool. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2013;20:e42-e43.

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Sarkar M, Burnett M, Carriere S, et al. Screening and recording of alcohol use among women of child-bearing age and pregnant women. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;16:242-263.

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Peadon E, Rhys-Jones B, Bower C, et al. Systematic review of interventions for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. BMC Pediatr. 2009;9:35.

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32.  Montag A, Clapp JD, Calac D, et al. A review of evidence-based approaches for reduction of alcohol consumption in Native women who are pregnant or of reproductive age. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2012;38:436-443.

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33.  Carson G, Cox LV, Crane J, et al.; Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Alcohol use and pregnancy consensus clinical guidelines. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2010;32:S1-S31.

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37.  Diagnosis and clinical evaluation of fetal alcohol syndrome. In: Stratton K, Howe C, Battaglia F, eds. Fetal alcohol syndrome: diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Washington DC: Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press; 1996:63-81.

38.  Astley SJ. Diagnostic guide for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: the 4-digit diagnostic code. 3rd ed. Seattle, WA: University of Washington; 2004.

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39.  National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. Fetal alcohol syndrome: guidelines for referral and diagnosis. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2004.

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40.  Cook JL, Green CR, Lilley CM, et al. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a guideline for diagnosis across the lifespan. CMAJ. 2016;188:191-197.

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41.  Hoyme HE, May PA, Kalberg WO, et al. A practical clinical approach to diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: clarification of the 1996 institute of medicine criteria. Pediatrics. 2005;115:39-47.

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45.  Stoler JM, Holmes LB. Recognition of facial features of fetal alcohol syndrome in the newborn. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2004;127C:21-27.

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