胎儿酒精谱系障碍

在患有胎儿酒精谱系障碍的青少年和成人中44%发生各种严重抑郁。[44]Streissguth AP, Bookstein FL, Barr HM, et al. Risk factors for adverse life outcomes in fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2004;25:228-238.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15308923?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Famy C, Streissguth AP, Unis AS. Mental illness in adults with fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol effects. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:552-554.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9546004?tool=bestpractice.com

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儿童抑郁症

在患有胎儿酒精谱系障碍的青少年和成人中精神病发病率达到40%。[44]Streissguth AP, Bookstein FL, Barr HM, et al. Risk factors for adverse life outcomes in fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2004;25:228-238.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15308923?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Famy C, Streissguth AP, Unis AS. Mental illness in adults with fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol effects. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:552-554.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9546004?tool=bestpractice.com

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精神病评估

违禁药物和酒精滥用问题在此类患者中常见，青少年和成人比例分别是29%、46%。[44]Streissguth AP, Bookstein FL, Barr HM, et al. Risk factors for adverse life outcomes in fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2004;25:228-238.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15308923?tool=bestpractice.com酒精滥用现象比违禁药物更常见，但使用酒精的患者当中有65%还同时使用违禁药物。[44]Streissguth AP, Bookstein FL, Barr HM, et al. Risk factors for adverse life outcomes in fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2004;25:228-238.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15308923?tool=bestpractice.comFASD 成年患者因酒精滥用的住院率较高（9% 对比 2%）。[85]Rangmar J, Hjern A, Vinnerljung B, et al. Psychosocial outcomes of fetal alcohol syndrome in adulthood. Pediatrics. 2015;135:e52-e58.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/135/1/e52.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25535260?tool=bestpractice.com

出生前有酒精暴露但未患儿童酒精谱系障碍的儿童到了21岁时，酒精滥用的风险会大大增加，这与家族酗酒没有关系。[88]Alati R, Al Mamun A, Williams GM, et al. In utero alcohol exposure and prediction of alcohol disorders in early adulthood: a birth cohort study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:1009-1016.http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/63/9/1009http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16953003?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Baer JS, Sampson PD, Barr HM, et al. A 21-year longitudinal analysis of the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on young adult drinking. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:377-385.http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/60/4/377http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12695315?tool=bestpractice.com

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药物滥用所导致的疾病和药物过量概述

曾在智商正常的成年中被鉴定。包括注意力、语言学习以及执行功能方面的困难。[90]Kerns KA, Don A, Mateer CA, et al. Cognitive deficits in nonretarded adults with fetal alcohol syndrome. J Learn Disabil. 1997;30:685-693.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9364906?tool=bestpractice.com问题出现的频率和严重程度也比按照智商预计的要高。

患有胎儿酒精谱系障碍的青少年和成人中，有20%具有焦虑症。[44]Streissguth AP, Bookstein FL, Barr HM, et al. Risk factors for adverse life outcomes in fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2004;25:228-238.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15308923?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Famy C, Streissguth AP, Unis AS. Mental illness in adults with fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol effects. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:552-554.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9546004?tool=bestpractice.com

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广泛性焦虑症

反社会型人格障碍在此类患者的发病率是19%。[87]Famy C, Streissguth AP, Unis AS. Mental illness in adults with fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol effects. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:552-554.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9546004?tool=bestpractice.com

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人格障碍