通气不足的发生机制包括:
在引发通气不足的多种疾病中,发生机制不止一个。此外,在很多疾病中,通气不足可能最初发生于睡眠期间,与觉醒时相比,睡眠期间缺氧和高碳酸通气反应通常减少,并且脊髓运动神经元的 REM 睡眠相关抑制能产生主要作用。[9]Berthon-Jones M, Sullivan CE. Ventilatory and arousal responses to hypoxia in sleeping humans. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982;125:632-639.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6807150?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Berthon-Jones M, Sullivan CE. Ventilation and arousal responses to hypercapnia in normal sleeping humans. J Appl Physiol. 1984;57:59-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6432751?tool=bestpractice.com 睡眠期间的 CO2 潴留会导致肾代偿性地保留碳酸氢盐,这会使呼吸中枢进一步迟钝并促使更多的 CO2 潴留,从而造成睡眠断断续续,频繁觉醒。对于患有肥胖相关通气不足的患者而言,中枢反应迟钝、[11]Berthon-Jones M, Sullivan CE. Time course of change in ventilatory response to CO2 with long-term CPAP therapy for obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;135:144-147.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3099616?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Zwillich CW, Sutton FD, Pierson DJ, et al. Decreased hypoxic ventilatory drive in the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. Am J Med. 1975;59:343-348.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1163544?tool=bestpractice.com 胸壁和肺实质顺应性下降、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停 (OSA) 的出现[13]Perez de Llano LA, Golpe R, Ortiz Piquer M, et al. Short-term and long-term effects of nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in patients with obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. Chest. 2005;128:587-594.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1083605http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16100142?tool=bestpractice.com 和瘦素抵抗状态(一种提高通气的饱腹感蛋白质)[14]Phipps PR, Starritt E, Caterson I, et al. Association of serum leptin with hypoventilation in human obesity. Thorax. 2002;57:75-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11809994?tool=bestpractice.com 都是促发因素。[15]Piper AJ, Grunstein RR. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: mechanisms and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:292-298.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21037018?tool=bestpractice.com对于患有神经肌肉疾病的患者而言,膈肌无力等会使其失去呼吸辅助肌对呼吸的调节作用,另外上呼吸道阻塞还可引起 OSA,这些都将导致通气不足,特别是 REM 睡眠期间的通气不足。[16]Ragette R, Mellies U, Schwake C, et al. Patterns and predictors of sleep disordered breathing in primary myopathies. Thorax. 2002;57:724-728.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12149535?tool=bestpractice.com胸廓异常患者的通气不足由类似机制引起。[17]Bourke SC, Bullock RE, Williams TL, et al. Noninvasive ventilation in ALS: indications and effect on quality of life. Neurology. 2003;61:171-177.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12874394?tool=bestpractice.com当对 CO2 的中枢和外周反应能力提高时,由换气过度诱发的低碳酸血症似乎是充血性心力衰竭患者在睡眠期间出现陈-施氏呼吸 (CSR) 的重要机制。[18]Naughton M, Benard D, Tam A, et al. Role of hyperventilation in the pathogenesis of central sleep apneas in patients with congestive heart failure. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;148:330-338.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8342895?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Hanly P, Zuberi N, Gray R. Pathogenesis of Cheyne-Stokes respiration in patients with congestive heart failure: relationship to arterial PCO2. Chest. 1993;104:1079-1084.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8404170?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Javaheri S. A mechanism of central sleep apnea in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:949-954.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199909233411304#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10498490?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Wilcox I, McNamara SG, Dodd MJ, et al. Ventilatory control in patients with sleep apnoea and left ventricular dysfunction: comparison of obstructive and central sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J. 1998;11:7-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9543263?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Arzt M, Harth M, Luchner A, et al. Enhanced ventilatory response to exercise in patients with chronic heart failure and central sleep apnea. Circulation. 2003;107:1998-2003.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/107/15/1998http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12695297?tool=bestpractice.com