通气不足综合征的主要治疗方法是夜间通气。在大多数疾病中,夜间无创通气已作为既有效又具良好耐受性的治疗方案得到了越来越多得应用。[29]Ozsancak A, D'Ambrosio C, Hill NS. Nocturnal noninvasive ventilation. Chest. 2008;133:1275-1286.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1085836http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18460530?tool=bestpractice.com指南中推荐了适用于通气不足综合征患者的滴定技术和无创通气方法。[45]Berry RB, Chediak A, Brown LK, et al. Best clinical practices for the sleep center adjustment of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in stable chronic alveolar hypoventilation syndromes. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6:491-509.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952756/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20957853?tool=bestpractice.com[46]McKim DA, Road J, Avendano M, et al; Canadian Thoracic Society Home Mechanical Ventilation Committee. Home mechanical ventilation: a Canadian Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. Can Respir J. 2011;18:197-215.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3205101/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22059178?tool=bestpractice.com 针对某些疾病,尤其是不断恶化进展的疾病,可能有指征表明通过气管造口术进行有创机械通气。
肥胖-通气不足综合征 (OHS)
由于大部分 OHS 患者都伴发有阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停,因此可首先使用持续气道正压通气来治疗 OHS。重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停通气不足综合征 (OSAHS) 患者的症状严重程度:有低质量的证据显示,与安慰剂、假持续气道正压通气 (CPAP) 或保守疗法相比,鼻持续气道正压通气对于减轻日间嗜睡或睡眠障碍性呼吸可能更为有效,但并不能更有效地改善重度 OSAHS 患者的某些认知表现的测量值。鼻持续气道正压通气是否能更有效地降低重度 OSAHS 患者的血压目前仍不清楚(低质量证据)。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。有报告称使用持续气道正压通气成功治疗 OHS,[47]Mokhlesi B, Tulaimat A, Evans AT, et al. Impact of adherence with positive airway pressure therapy on hypercapnia in obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2006;2:57-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1894747/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17557438?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Hida W, Okabe S, Tatsumi K, et al. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure improves quality of life in obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Sleep Breath. 2003;7:3-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12712392?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Banerjee D, Yee, BJ, Piper AJ, et al. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: hypoxemia during continuous positive airway pressure. Chest. 2007;131:1678-1684.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1085161http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565018?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Laaban JP, Orvoen-Frija E, Cassuto D, et al. Mechanisms of diurnal hypercapnia in sleep apnea syndromes associated with morbid obesity. Presse Med. 1996;25:12-16. (in French)http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8728885?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Shivaram U, Cash ME, Beal A. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure in decompensated hypercapnic respiratory failure as a complication of sleep apnea. Chest. 1993;104:770-774.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/data/Journals/CHEST/20382/770.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8365287?tool=bestpractice.com 通常需要 12 至 14 cm H2O 的压力。[13]Perez de Llano LA, Golpe R, Ortiz Piquer M, et al. Short-term and long-term effects of nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in patients with obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. Chest. 2005;128:587-594.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1083605http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16100142?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Mokhlesi B, Tulaimat A, Evans AT, et al. Impact of adherence with positive airway pressure therapy on hypercapnia in obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2006;2:57-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1894747/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17557438?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,也有单独使用持续气道正压通气治疗失败的报道。[47]Mokhlesi B, Tulaimat A, Evans AT, et al. Impact of adherence with positive airway pressure therapy on hypercapnia in obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2006;2:57-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1894747/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17557438?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Banerjee D, Yee, BJ, Piper AJ, et al. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: hypoxemia during continuous positive airway pressure. Chest. 2007;131:1678-1684.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1085161http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565018?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Laaban JP, Chailleux E. Daytime hypercapnia in adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in France, before initiating nocturnal nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Chest. 2005;127:710-715.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1083165http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15764748?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Mokhlesi B. Positive airway pressure titration in obesity hypoventilation syndrome: continuous positive airway pressure or bilevel positive airway pressure. Chest. 2007;131:1624-1626.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1085173http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565013?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Schafer H, Ewig S, Hasper E, et al. Failure of CPAP therapy in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: predictive factors and treatment with bilevel-positive airway pressure. Respir Med. 1998;92:208-215.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9616514?tool=bestpractice.com
可单独调节吸气和呼气压力的双水平气道正压可能是逆转 OHS 相关高碳酸血症的最有效的无创治疗法。[13]Perez de Llano LA, Golpe R, Ortiz Piquer M, et al. Short-term and long-term effects of nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in patients with obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. Chest. 2005;128:587-594.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1083605http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16100142?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Budweiser S, Riedl SG, Jorres RA, et al. Mortality and prognostic factors in patients with obesity-hypoventilation syndrome undergoing noninvasive ventilation. J Intern Med. 2007;261:375-383.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01765.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17391112?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Storre JH, Seuthe B, Fiechter R, et al. Average volume-assured pressure support in obesity hypoventilation: a randomized crossover trial. Chest. 2006;130:815-821.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1084691http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16963680?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Priou P, Hamel JF, Person C, et al. Long-term outcome of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Chest. 2010;138:84-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20348200?tool=bestpractice.com 通过压差,双水平气道正压的通气作用比持续气道正压通气只能逆转上气道梗阻有效得多。在气道正压通气滴定过程中,当剩余氧饱和度小于 90% 时应考虑采取此方式进行治疗,即使阻塞性呼吸暂停和呼吸不全的症状已消除。[45]Berry RB, Chediak A, Brown LK, et al. Best clinical practices for the sleep center adjustment of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in stable chronic alveolar hypoventilation syndromes. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6:491-509.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952756/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20957853?tool=bestpractice.com大多数研究都已证明吸气期气道正压和呼气期气道正压之间的压差必须至少在 8 至 10 cm H2O 的水平,从而能够长期通过双水平气道正压疗法来纠正高碳酸血症和低氧血症。[13]Perez de Llano LA, Golpe R, Ortiz Piquer M, et al. Short-term and long-term effects of nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in patients with obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. Chest. 2005;128:587-594.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1083605http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16100142?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Berger KI, Ayappa I, Chatr-Amontri B, et al. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome as a spectrum of respiratory disturbances during sleep. Chest. 2001;120:1231-1238.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1080061http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11591566?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Redolfi S, Corda L, La Piana G, et al. Long-term non-invasive ventilation increases chemosensitivity and leptin in obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. Respir Med. 2007;101:1191-1195.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17189682?tool=bestpractice.com[60]de Lucas-Ramos P, de Miguel-Diez J, Santacruz-Siminiani A, et al. Benefits at 1 year of nocturnal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in patients with obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. Respir Med. 2004;98:961-967.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15481272?tool=bestpractice.com 一项回顾性研究显示,经过平均 4 年的随访后,接受无创通气治疗的患者取得了良好的长期疗效。[57]Priou P, Hamel JF, Person C, et al. Long-term outcome of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Chest. 2010;138:84-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20348200?tool=bestpractice.com
通过气管造口术进行夜间有创机械通气可有效地应用于那些对无创形式的气道正压通气治疗不耐受或治疗失败的重度 OHS 患者。
氧疗不应单独用于 OHS 患者。[61]Masa JF, Celli BR, Riesco JA, et al. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and not oxygen may prevent overt ventilatory failure in patients with chest wall diseases. Chest. 1997;112:207-213.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/data/Journals/CHEST/21748/207.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9228378?tool=bestpractice.com然而,近半数 OHS 患者需要在某些形式的气道正压通气治疗中加入氧气。[13]Perez de Llano LA, Golpe R, Ortiz Piquer M, et al. Short-term and long-term effects of nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in patients with obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. Chest. 2005;128:587-594.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1083605http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16100142?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Mokhlesi B, Tulaimat A, Evans AT, et al. Impact of adherence with positive airway pressure therapy on hypercapnia in obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2006;2:57-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1894747/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17557438?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Masa JF, Celli BR, Riesco JA, et al. The obesity hypoventilation syndrome can be treated with noninvasive mechanical ventilation. Chest. 2001;119:1102-1107.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11296176?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Heinemann F, Budweiser S, Dobroschke J, et al. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation improves lung volumes in the obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Respir Med. 2007;101:1229-1235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17166707?tool=bestpractice.com 进行了双水平滴定后,如果在不存在阻塞性呼吸暂停和呼吸不全的情况下仍出现残氧饱和度下降,则需加入氧疗。[45]Berry RB, Chediak A, Brown LK, et al. Best clinical practices for the sleep center adjustment of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in stable chronic alveolar hypoventilation syndromes. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6:491-509.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952756/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20957853?tool=bestpractice.com
呼吸兴奋剂(例如醋酸甲羟孕酮)已用于报告的 OHS病例,[64]Kimura H, Tatsumi K, Kunitomo F, et al. Obese patients with sleep apnea syndrome treated by progesterone. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1988;156:151-157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2479120?tool=bestpractice.com但它们增加了罹患血栓栓塞疾病的风险。[65]Poulter NR, Chang CL, Farley TM, et al. Risk of cardiovascular diseases associated with oral progestagen preparations with therapeutic indications. Lancet. 1999;354:1610.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10560679?tool=bestpractice.com
减重(包括节食或采用胃旁路手术)已被证实有效。[38]Sugerman HJ, Fairman RP, Baron PL, et al. Gastric surgery for respiratory insufficiency of obesity. Chest. 1986;90:81-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3720390?tool=bestpractice.com重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停通气不足综合征 (OSAHS) 患者的症状严重程度:有低质量的减重方面的证据显示,体重减轻能提高 OSAHS 型疾病患者的呼吸暂停/低通气指数的评分并改善他们的 OSAHS 症状(包括睡眠障碍性呼吸和匹克威克综合征在内)。减重的相关建议是治疗的重要部分,这一点已达成共识。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 很多 OHS 患者需要在手术后进行气道正压通气治疗,直至体重显著下降为止。甚至在体重显著下降之后,接受胃旁路手术的大多数患者仍存在显著的残余睡眠障碍性呼吸问题,需要继续采用无创通气。[66]Lettieri CJ, Eliasson AH, Greenburg DL. Persistence of obstructive sleep apnea after surgical weight loss. J Clin Sleep Med 2008;4:333-338.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2542489/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18763424?tool=bestpractice.com
限制性胸部疾病
在神经肌肉类和胸壁疾病的患者中,夜间通气的使用与存活率、睡眠质量、日间气体交换和日间功能的改善以及日间睡眠减少有关。[67]Young HK, Lowe A, Fitzgerald DA, et al. Outcome of noninvasive ventilation in children with neuromuscular disease. Neurology. 2007;68:198-201.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17224573?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Piper AJ, Sullivan CE. Effects of long-term nocturnal nasal ventilation on spontaneous breathing during sleep in neuromuscular and chest wall disorders. Eur Respir J. 1996;9:1515-1522.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/9/7/1515.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8836668?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Mellies U, Ragette R, Dohna Schwake CD, et al. Longterm noninvasive ventilation in children and adolescents with neuromuscular disorders. Eur Respir J. 2003;22:631-636.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/22/4/631.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14582916?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Annane D, Orlikowski D, Chevret S. Nocturnal mechanical ventilation for chronic hypoventilation in patients with neuromuscular and chest wall disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD001941.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001941.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25503955?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,还注意到呼吸肌的功能得到改善,这可以解释为何日间气体交换得到改善。[68]Piper AJ, Sullivan CE. Effects of long-term nocturnal nasal ventilation on spontaneous breathing during sleep in neuromuscular and chest wall disorders. Eur Respir J. 1996;9:1515-1522.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/9/7/1515.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8836668?tool=bestpractice.com总的来说,与非通气控制相比,夜间通气可减缓肺功能下降速度。
肌萎缩性侧索硬化已成为接受无创通气治疗的最常见的限制性胸部疾病,[71]Laub M, Midgren B. Survival of patients on home mechanical ventilation: a nationwide prospective study. Respir Med. 2007;101:1074-1078.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17118638?tool=bestpractice.com据报道采取该法治疗可提高存活率和生活质量。[72]Bourke SC, Tomlinson M, Williams TL, et al. Effects of non-invasive ventilation on survival and quality of life in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:140-147.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16426990?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Sancho J, Servera E, Bañuls P, et al. Prolonging survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: efficacy of noninvasive ventilation and uncuffed tracheostomy tubes. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;89:407-411.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20407306?tool=bestpractice.com 对夜间无创通气做出有利反应的预测因素包括完整的延髓功能、端坐呼吸、高碳酸血症和夜间氧饱和度下降。[17]Bourke SC, Bullock RE, Williams TL, et al. Noninvasive ventilation in ALS: indications and effect on quality of life. Neurology. 2003;61:171-177.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12874394?tool=bestpractice.com然而,近期研究表明,在高碳酸血症发展之前就开始夜间无创通气可能对限制性胸部疾病的患者有益。[41]Ward S, Chatwin M, Heather S, et al. Randomized controlled trial on non-invasive ventilation (NIV) for nocturnal hypoventilation in neuromuscular and chest wall disease patients with daytime normocapnia. Thorax. 2005;60:1019-1024.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16299118?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Lechtzin N, Scott Y, Busse AM, et al. Early use of non-invasive ventilation prolongs survival in subjects with ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2007;8:185-188.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17538782?tool=bestpractice.com
最好采用双水平气道正压或容积转换型通气机进行无创通气,后者所能产生的潮气量比标准双水平气道正压最高 30 cm H2O 的吸气期气道正压大。应在睡眠中心或受控环境中(例如医院),或者偶尔在患者家中进行滴定。采用气道正压通气治疗时,吸气期气道正压和呼气期气道正压应同时增加,直至呼吸暂停和呼吸不全的问题都得到解决为止,然后继续增加吸气期气道正压,来纠正与肺泡通气不足有关的低氧血症。[45]Berry RB, Chediak A, Brown LK, et al. Best clinical practices for the sleep center adjustment of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in stable chronic alveolar hypoventilation syndromes. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6:491-509.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952756/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20957853?tool=bestpractice.com
随着疾病进展或当患者出现延髓症状或对无创通气不耐受时,经常需要通过气管造口术进行夜间有创机械通气。
氧疗不应单独用于由限制性胸部疾病引发的通气不足综合征患者。
陈-施氏呼吸
持续气道正压通气治疗已被证实可降低由充血性心力衰竭引发的陈-施氏呼吸 (CSR) 患者的呼吸暂停-低通气指数,无论是通过短期使用[8]Krachman SL, D'Alonzo GE, Berger TJ, et al. Comparison of oxygen therapy with nasal continuous positive airway pressure on Cheyne-Stokes respiration during sleep in congestive heart failure. Chest. 1999;116:1550-1557.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1078359http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10593775?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Takasaki Y, Orr D, Popkin J, et al. Effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure on sleep apnea in congestive heart failure. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989;140:1578-1584.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2690705?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Kohnlein T, Welte T, Tan LB, et al. Assisted ventilation for heart failure patient with Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Eur Respir J. 2002;20:934-941.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/20/4/934.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12412686?tool=bestpractice.com 还是经过 1 至 3 个月的治疗之后。[75]Naughton MT, Liu PP, Benard DC, et al. Treatment of congestive heart failure and Cheyne-Stokes respiration during sleep by continuous positive airway pressure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:92-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7812579?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Arzt M, Schulz M, Wensel R, et al. Nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure improves ventilatory efficiency during exercise in patients with chronic heart failure. Chest. 2005;127:794-802.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1083207http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15764759?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Naughton MT, Benard DC, Liu PP, et al. Effects of nasal CPAP on sympathetic activity in patients with heart failure and central sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152:473-479.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7633695?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Walsh JT, Andrews R, Starling R, et al. Effects of captopril and oxygen on sleep apnoea in patients with mild to moderate congestive cardiac failure. Br Heart J. 1995;73:237-241.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7727183?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Naughton MT, Benard DC, Rutherford R, et al. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on central sleep apnea and nocturnal PCO2 in heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;150:1598-1604.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7952621?tool=bestpractice.com 通过增加胸内压并降低左心室的跨胸壁压,持续气道正压通气降低了左心室后负荷,从而提高了心输出量。[13]Perez de Llano LA, Golpe R, Ortiz Piquer M, et al. Short-term and long-term effects of nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in patients with obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. Chest. 2005;128:587-594.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1083605http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16100142?tool=bestpractice.com有人提出,通过持续气道正压通气治疗提高左心室射血分数会减少间质性肺水肿并降低肺迷走神经传入的刺激,它们被认为是造成患者出现换气过度和低碳酸血症的原因。[79]Naughton MT, Benard DC, Rutherford R, et al. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on central sleep apnea and nocturnal PCO2 in heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;150:1598-1604.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7952621?tool=bestpractice.com虽然先前的多中心研究并未发现持续气道正压可提高未作移植的患者的存活率,[80]Bradley TD, Logan AG, Kimoff RJ, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure for central sleep apnea and heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2025-2033.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa051001#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16282177?tool=bestpractice.com但数据的事后分析显示,被分配接受持续气道正压治疗的患者都得到了改善,经过 3 个月的治疗后,纠正了他们的呼吸暂停-低通气指数至小于 15 次/小时。[81]Arzt M, Floras JS, Logan AG, et al. Suppression of central sleep apnea by continuous positive airway pressure and transplant-free survival in heart failure. Circulation. 2007;115:3173-3180.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/115/25/3173.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17562959?tool=bestpractice.com
双水平气道正压通气允许对吸气期气道正压和呼气期气道正压进行单独调节,若设置了后备通气频率,则能保证中枢性呼吸暂停发作期间的通气。与持续气道正压相比,这两种治疗形式能同等地降低基线呼吸暂停-低通气指数、改善睡眠质量和日间疲乏。[74]Kohnlein T, Welte T, Tan LB, et al. Assisted ventilation for heart failure patient with Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Eur Respir J. 2002;20:934-941.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/20/4/934.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12412686?tool=bestpractice.com
适应性伺服通气 (ASV) 是一种新型无创正压通气,其用于 CSR 治疗的价值已接受评估。ASV 在 5 cm H2O 的呼气末压力和每分钟呼吸 15 次的默认后备通气频率基础上提供了基线程度的通气支持。[82]Teschler H, Döhring J, Wang YM, et al. Adaptive pressure support servo-ventilation: a novel treatment for Cheyne-Stokes respiration in heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:614-619.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.164.4.9908114http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11520725?tool=bestpractice.com为了把通气量维持在连续运作 3 分钟参照期所需量的 90%,要把吸气压力从 3 cm H2O 的低水平增加至 10 cm H2O 的高水平。当发现通气量下降时(例如在中枢性呼吸暂停期间),为了维持通气量,吸气压力会增加,然后在自主呼吸恢复时再次下降。针对 ASV 开发的另一种设备使用流量标靶向法来维持通气量。对呼气末压力进行调节,以消除所有阻塞性事件。然后,该设备会输送吸气期气道正压,以某个后备通气频率维持目标峰值吸气气流。[83]Arzt M, Wensel R, Montalvan S, et al. Effects of dynamic bilevel positive airway pressure support on central sleep apnea in men with heart failure. Chest. 2008;134:61-66.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1085946http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17951617?tool=bestpractice.com对持续气道正压通气、氧疗、双水平和 ASV 的单夜疗效进行比较发现,所有治疗形式都能降低呼吸暂停-低通气指数。[82]Teschler H, Döhring J, Wang YM, et al. Adaptive pressure support servo-ventilation: a novel treatment for Cheyne-Stokes respiration in heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:614-619.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.164.4.9908114http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11520725?tool=bestpractice.com但是,与基线和其他治疗相比,ASV 对呼吸暂停-低通气指数的改善效果最显著。慢波和 REM 睡眠量随 ASV 增加,这是首选疗法。把 ASV 与持续气道正压通气相比较的一项随机研究发现,在治疗 3 个月和 6 个月时,ASV 能更显著地降低呼吸暂停-低通气指数。[84]Pepperell JC, Maskell NA, Jones DR, et al. A randomized controlled trial of adaptive ventilation for Cheyne-Stokes breathing in heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168:1109-1114.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.200212-1476OChttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12928310?tool=bestpractice.com此外,在一部分被评估的患者中发现,只有 ASV 小组在 6 个月结束时的左心室射血分数增加。总体而言,初步研究似乎表明 ASV 能有效地使 CSR 患者的呼吸暂停-低通气指数正常化。然而,仍需进行更多研究来确定心功能的改善是否等同或优于长期连续气道正压通气治疗在此方面的疗效。
对于以下患者,夜间氧疗已被证实能显著降低呼吸暂停-低通气指数,无论是急性治疗[8]Krachman SL, D'Alonzo GE, Berger TJ, et al. Comparison of oxygen therapy with nasal continuous positive airway pressure on Cheyne-Stokes respiration during sleep in congestive heart failure. Chest. 1999;116:1550-1557.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1078359http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10593775?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Hanly PJ, Millar TW, Steljes DG, et al. The effect of oxygen on respiration and sleep in patients with congestive heart failure. Ann Intern Med. 1989;111:777-782.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2817624?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Franklin KA, Eriksson P, Sahlin C, et al. Reversal of central sleep apnea with oxygen. Chest. 1997;111:163-169.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/data/Journals/CHEST/21742/163.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8996011?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Lorenzi-Filho G, Rankin F, Bies I, et al. Effects of inhaled carbon dioxide and oxygen on Cheyne-Stokes respiration in patients with heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:1490-1498.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1164/ajrccm.159.5.9810040http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10228116?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Krachman SK, Nugent T, Crocetti J, et al. Effects of oxygen therapy on left ventricular function in patients with Cheyne-Stokes respiration and congestive heart failure. J Clin Sleep Med. 2005;1:271-276.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17566188?tool=bestpractice.com 还是经过延长时间的治疗后:[17]Bourke SC, Bullock RE, Williams TL, et al. Noninvasive ventilation in ALS: indications and effect on quality of life. Neurology. 2003;61:171-177.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12874394?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Shivaram U, Cash ME, Beal A. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure in decompensated hypercapnic respiratory failure as a complication of sleep apnea. Chest. 1993;104:770-774.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/data/Journals/CHEST/20382/770.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8365287?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Laaban JP, Chailleux E. Daytime hypercapnia in adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in France, before initiating nocturnal nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Chest. 2005;127:710-715.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1083165http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15764748?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Mokhlesi B. Positive airway pressure titration in obesity hypoventilation syndrome: continuous positive airway pressure or bilevel positive airway pressure. Chest. 2007;131:1624-1626.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1085173http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565013?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Schafer H, Ewig S, Hasper E, et al. Failure of CPAP therapy in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: predictive factors and treatment with bilevel-positive airway pressure. Respir Med. 1998;92:208-215.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9616514?tool=bestpractice.com 由充血性心力衰竭引发的 CSR 患者中。虽然氧疗已被证实能降低呼吸暂停-低通气指数,但尚无研究显示 CSR 和充血性心力衰竭患者的左心室功能有所改善。[85]Hanly PJ, Millar TW, Steljes DG, et al. The effect of oxygen on respiration and sleep in patients with congestive heart failure. Ann Intern Med. 1989;111:777-782.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2817624?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Arzt M, Schulz M, Wensel R, et al. Nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure improves ventilatory efficiency during exercise in patients with chronic heart failure. Chest. 2005;127:794-802.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1083207http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15764759?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Krachman SK, Nugent T, Crocetti J, et al. Effects of oxygen therapy on left ventricular function in patients with Cheyne-Stokes respiration and congestive heart failure. J Clin Sleep Med. 2005;1:271-276.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17566188?tool=bestpractice.com
茶碱已被用于治疗充血性心力衰竭的CSR患者。机理机制包括改善心脏功能(循环时间也会因此改善)并尽可能提高中枢呼吸驱动的效果。[89]Sanders JS, Berman TM, Barlett MM, et al. Increased hypoxic ventilatory drive due to administration of aminophylline in normal men. Chest. 1980;78:279-282.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6772387?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Javaheri S, Parker TJ, Wexler L, et al. Effect of theophylline on sleep-disordered breathing in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:562-567.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199608223350805#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8678934?tool=bestpractice.com乙酰唑胺会引起代谢性酸中毒,并因此造成分钟通气量增加。研究表明,使用乙酰唑胺能降低呼吸暂停-低通气指数和觉醒次数。[91]DeBacker WA, Verbraecken J, Willemen M, et al. Central apnea index decreases after prolonged treatment with acetazolamide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:87-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7812578?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Javaheri S. Acetazolamide improves central sleep apnea in heart failure: a double-blind, prospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173:234-237.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.200507-1035OC#.U1Zwm_ldUwwhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16239622?tool=bestpractice.com 茶碱和乙酰唑胺都被描述成对于CSR的治疗有效,但它们很少用于临床。为了在 CSR 的治疗方案方面帮助指导医生,已发表了实践参数。[93]Aurora RN, Chowdhuri S, Ramar K, et al. The treatment of central sleep apnea syndromes in adults: practice parameters with an evidence-based literature review and meta-analyses. Sleep. 2012;35:17-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3242685/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22215916?tool=bestpractice.com
COPD
无创正压通气的使用已被证实对于慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期和选定的患稳定慢性肺气肿的患者均有益。[94]Antonelli M, Conti G, Rocco M, et al. A comparison of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and conventional mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:429-435.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199808133390703#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9700176?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Krachman SL, Quaranta AJ, Berger TJ, et al. Effects of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on gas exchange and sleep in COPD patients. Chest. 1997;112:623-628.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/data/Journals/CHEST/21750/623.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9315793?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Jones SE, Packham S, Hebden M, et al. Domiciliary nocturnal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in patients with respiratory failure due to severe COPD: long-term follow-up and effect on survival. Thorax. 1998:53:495-498.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9713450?tool=bestpractice.com[97]McEvoy RD, Pierce JR, Hillman PD, et al. Nocturnal non-invasive nasal ventilation in stable hypercapnic COPD: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2009;64:561-566.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19213769?tool=bestpractice.com 夜间无创通气已被证实能在夜间气体交换未相应提高的情况下,短时间内改善患有慢性阻塞性肺疾病和稳定性高碳酸血症患者的睡眠质量,这可能表明除了提高气体交换之外的其他因素(例如减轻吸气肌的负荷或对中枢驱动的影响)可能在发挥作用。[95]Krachman SL, Quaranta AJ, Berger TJ, et al. Effects of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on gas exchange and sleep in COPD patients. Chest. 1997;112:623-628.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/data/Journals/CHEST/21750/623.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9315793?tool=bestpractice.com其他长期试验已证明睡眠质量和气体交换得到改善、入院次数和门诊就诊次数减少。[96]Jones SE, Packham S, Hebden M, et al. Domiciliary nocturnal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in patients with respiratory failure due to severe COPD: long-term follow-up and effect on survival. Thorax. 1998:53:495-498.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9713450?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Elliott MW, Simonds AK, Carroll MP, et al. Domiciliary nocturnal nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in hypercapnic respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive lung disease: effects on sleep and quality of life. Thorax. 1992;47:342-348.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1609376?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,一项研究发现,与单独接受氧疗相比,同时接受无创通气和氧疗的并发高碳酸血症的慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的存活率提高。[97]McEvoy RD, Pierce JR, Hillman PD, et al. Nocturnal non-invasive nasal ventilation in stable hypercapnic COPD: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2009;64:561-566.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19213769?tool=bestpractice.com因此,已针对无创正压通气在稳定慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者中的使用制定出相应的指南。[99]Anon. Clinical indications for noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in chronic respiratory failure due to restrictive lung disease, COPD, and nocturnal hypoventilation: a consensus conference report. Chest. 1999;116:521-534.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1078113http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10453883?tool=bestpractice.com
从肺泡通气不足患者身上发展出的低氧血症通常都与高碳酸血症有关。因此,必须谨慎地对这些患者进行辅助供氧。持续低流量供氧已被证实能显著影响患有慢性阻塞性肺疾病和低氧血症的患者的死亡率。[100]Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group. Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: a clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 1980;93:391-398.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6776858?tool=bestpractice.com但是,虽已证明夜间供氧能降低慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者出现的 REM 相关夜间氧饱和度下降的肺高压,它对死亡率却无显著影响。[101]Chaouat A, Weitzenblum E, Kessler R, et al. A randomized trial of nocturnal oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur Respir J. 1999;14:1002-1008.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/14/5/1002.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10596681?tool=bestpractice.com最近已经证明,比起单独使用氧疗,夜间无创通气结合氧气能在 2 年后可降低伴发高碳酸血症的慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的 PaCO2 并改善其生活质量。[102]Clini E, Sturani C, Rossi A, et al. The Italian multicentre study on noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur Respir J. 2002;20:529-538.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/20/3/529.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12358325?tool=bestpractice.com
需要吸气期气道正压与呼气期气道正压之间的压差至少达到 8 至 10 cm H2O 的水平才能有效通气的大多数患者都可开始进行双水平气道正压。重叠综合征和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停共存的患者可能需要更高的呼气期气道正压。另外,大多数患者在 5 cm H2O 水平的呼气期气道正压下也可表现良好(此时需利用导管和面罩的无效腔),并能有效感知到自主吸气努力。吸气期气道正压过度与漏气量增加和有效通气量减少有关。然而,不同的患者对压力的需求有很大差别。[103]Tuggey JM, Elliott MW. Titration of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in chronic respiratory failure. Respir Med. 2006;100:1262-1269.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16310352?tool=bestpractice.com