由于放线菌病是一种有多种临床表现的感染,因此其临床特征各有不同。 放线菌可通过入侵受损或坏死组织致病。 一旦感染,宿主体内将出现强烈的炎症反应(如:生脓和肉芽肿形成)。 随后可出现纤维化症状。 感染常可蔓延侵袭周围的组织或器官。 最后,感染会形成特征性的引流窦道。[1]Smego RA Jr, Foglia G. Actinomycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1998 Jun;26(6):1255-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9636842?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Acevedo F, Baudrand R, Letelier LM, et al. Actinomycosis: a great pretender: case reports of unusual presentations and a review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis. 2008 Jul;12(4):358-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18164641?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Brown JR. Human actinomycosis: a study of 181 subjects. Hum Pathol. 1973 Sep;4(3):319-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4756858?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Cintron JR, Del Pino A, Duarte B, et al. Abdominal actinomycosis. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996 Jan;39(1):105-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8601346?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Ferrari TC, Couto CA, Murta-Oliveira C, et al. Actinomycosis of the colon: a rare form of presentation. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2000 Jan;35(1):108-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10672844?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Yeguez JF, Martinez SA, Sands LR, et al. Pelvic actinomycosis presenting as malignant large bowel obstruction: a case report and a review of the literature. Am Surg. 2000 Jan;66(1):85-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10651355?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Schaal KP, Lee HJ. Actinomycete infections in humans: a review. Gene. 1992 Jun 15;115(1-2):201-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1612438?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Weese WC, Smith IM. A study of 57 cases of actinomycosis over a 36-year period: a diagnostic 'failure' with good prognosis after treatment. Arch Intern Med. 1975 Dec;135(12):1562-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1200725?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Valour F, Sénéchal A, Dupieux C, et al. Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Infect Drug Resist. 2014 Jul 5;7:183-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4094581/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25045274?tool=bestpractice.com
此病最常见于面颈部(50% 到 70%),其次为腹部(10% 到 20%)。[7]Kwartler JA, Limaye A. Pathologic quiz case 1: cervicofacial actinomycosis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1989 Apr;115(4):524-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2923698?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Brown JR. Human actinomycosis: a study of 181 subjects. Hum Pathol. 1973 Sep;4(3):319-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4756858?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Das N, Lee J, Madden M, et al. A rare case of abdominal actinomycosis presenting as an inflammatory pseudotumour. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006 Jul;21(5):483-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15942743?tool=bestpractice.com 其他临床表现,如胸椎或中枢神经系统 (CNS) 放线菌病,极为少见且仅有少数病例报告。[20]Bastian A, Khanavkar B, Scherff A, et al. Thoracic actinomycosis: diagnostic pitfalls and therapeutic considerations. Pneumologie. 2009 Feb;63(2):86-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19219769?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Mabeza GF, Macfarlane J. Pulmonary actinomycosis. Eur Respir J. 2003 Mar;21(3):545-51.http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/full/21/3/545http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12662015?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Slade PR, Slesser BV, Southgate J. Thoracic actinomycosis. Thorax. 1973 Jan;28(1):73-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4568119?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Smego RA Jr. Actinomycosis of the central nervous system. Rev Infect Dis. 1987 Sep-Oct;9(5):855-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3317731?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Sundaram C, Purohit AK, Prasad VS, et al. Cranial and intracranial actinomycosis. Clin Neuropathol. 2004 Jul-Aug;23(4):173-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15328882?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Yang XX, Lin JM, Xu KJ, et al. Hepatic actinomycosis: report of one case and analysis of 32 previously reported cases. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Nov 21;20(43):16372-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4239533/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25473199?tool=bestpractice.com
面颈部放线菌病常发生于组织损伤或颌面部外伤后。 发病初期以下颌周围部软组织肿胀为特征。 随后感染可播散至邻近组织。 感染可导致瘘管(窦道)形成,并可通过这些瘘管排出含有黄色硫磺样颗粒(称为类硫磺颗粒)的化脓性物质。 感染较少传播至颅内或血液,但可发生于疾病被误诊或未治疗时。[12]Brown JR. Human actinomycosis: a study of 181 subjects. Hum Pathol. 1973 Sep;4(3):319-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4756858?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Schaal KP, Lee HJ. Actinomycete infections in humans: a review. Gene. 1992 Jun 15;115(1-2):201-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1612438?tool=bestpractice.com
放线菌病常发生在术后。 此病倾向于向组织周围持续扩散,而不管边界如何。 淋巴结病不典型,并且血源性传播也较为少见。 由于病原体增长缓慢,因此疾病可能会在数月至数年后才确诊。[12]Brown JR. Human actinomycosis: a study of 181 subjects. Hum Pathol. 1973 Sep;4(3):319-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4756858?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Schaal KP, Lee HJ. Actinomycete infections in humans: a review. Gene. 1992 Jun 15;115(1-2):201-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1612438?tool=bestpractice.com