案例#1
患有 20 年克罗恩氏病的 42 岁女性表现出所诉的精力不足和脱发症状。她的克罗恩氏病病情基本控制良好,偶有阵发性腹泻和腹痛,并不需要进行肠道切除术。患者称她感觉克罗恩氏病未曾“爆发”,也无皮疹或其他症状。体检结果显示,她的头发较稀薄,有口腔黏膜炎,但其他方面表现正常。
案例#2
保健医生为一位来自不发达的农村社区的 8 岁男孩看诊。经检查发现,他的身高低于第百分之五,在学校表现不佳。有关营养评估,男孩的母亲提到他的饮食主要由当地生产的非强化谷物和蔬菜组成,很少有肉类。母亲也提到他精力不充沛,但并无其他特定疾病,体检结果也无异常。从男孩的生长曲线表中可以看出,自 4 岁的最后那次看诊后,他的身高一直稳定在第百分之三十。
其他表现
锌缺乏症的表现具有高度多样性,没有定诊特征。生长发育方面的特征包括生长迟缓、性腺机能减退、骨质减少和体重减轻。神经学方面的特征包括意向性震颤、抑郁、集中力受损、眼球震颤、构音障碍、夜盲症、味觉减退和嗅觉丧失。皮肤学方面的特征包括脱发、皮炎、甲沟炎和口腔黏膜炎。肠胃方面包括厌食、腹痛、腹泻和舌炎。其他可能的特征包括痴呆、伤口愈合延迟、发热、异食癖、增加感染、葡萄糖耐受能力受损、不育和不良妊娠结局。
由于营养不良,锌缺乏症常见于发展中地区,而在发达地区锌缺乏症则与老化和许多慢性疾病相关。鉴于锌缺乏症表现的多样性,疾病风险人群都应考虑本诊断。导致患者处于锌缺乏症风险的疾病包括:吸收不良症、慢性肠胃病(腹部疾病或克罗恩氏病)[1]Singhal N, Alam S, Sherwani R, et al. Serum zinc levels in celiac disease. Indian Pediatr. 2008;45:319-321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451454?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Goh J, O'Morain CA. Review article: nutrition and adult inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17:307-320.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01482.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12562443?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Ojuawo A, Keith L. The serum concentrations of zinc, copper and selenium in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Cent Afr J Med. 2002;48:116-119.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14562534?tool=bestpractice.com、肝病、[6]Narkewicz MR, Krebs N, Karrer F, et al. Correction of hypozincemia following liver transplantation in children is associated with reduced urinary zinc loss. Hepatology. 1999;29:830-833.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10051486?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Stamoulis I, Kouraklis G, Theocharis S. Zinc and the liver: an active interaction. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52:1595-1612.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17415640?tool=bestpractice.com肾脏疾病、[17]Perrone L, Gialanella G, Giordano V, et al. Impaired zinc metabolic status in children affected by idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. 1990;149:438-440.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2332016?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD. Trace elements and vitamins in maintenance dialysis patients. Adv Ren Replace Ther. 2003;10:170-182.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14708071?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Mahajan SK. Zinc in kidney disease. J Am Coll Nutr. 1989;8:296-304.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2674256?tool=bestpractice.com糖尿病、[8]Chausmer AB. Zinc, insulin and diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998;17:109-115.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9550453?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Zheng Y, Li XK, Wang Y, et al. The role of zinc, copper and iron in the pathogenesis of diabetes and diabetic complications: therapeutic effects by chelators. Hemoglobin. 2008;32:135-145.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18274991?tool=bestpractice.com镰状细胞病[14]Prasad AS. Zinc deficiency in patients with sickle cell disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:181-182.http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/75/2/181.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11815307?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Bao B, Prasad AS, Beck FW, et al. Zinc supplementation decreases oxidative stress, incidence of infection, and generation of inflammatory cytokines in sickle cell disease patients. Transl Res. 2008;152:67-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18674741?tool=bestpractice.com、HIV 感染。[15]Koch J, Neal EA, Schlott MJ, et al. Zinc levels and infections in hospitalized patients with AIDS. Nutrition. 1996;12:515-518.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8878145?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Kupka R, Fawzi W. Zinc nutrition and HIV infection. Nutr Rev. 2002;60:69-79.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11908743?tool=bestpractice.com同理,使用某些药物(如氢氯噻嗪、青霉胺、乙胺丁醇和某些抗生素)进行慢性治疗的患者、酗酒者、[18]Kang YJ, Zhou Z. Zinc prevention and treatment of alcoholic liver disease. Mol Aspects Med. 2005;26:391-404.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16099027?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Rico H. Alcohol and bone disease. Alcohol Alcohol. 1990;25:345-352.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2222569?tool=bestpractice.com素食者、严格素食者和营养不良的婴儿[20]Hambidge KM, Krebs NF. Zinc deficiency: a special challenge. J Nutr. 2007;137:1101-1105.http://jn.nutrition.org/content/137/4/1101.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17374687?tool=bestpractice.com更易患锌缺乏症。老年人患锌缺乏症会导致其感染易感性和骨质疏松症发病率增加。[21]Haase H, Mocchegiani E, Rink L. Correlation between zinc status and immune function in the elderly. Biogerontology. 2006;7:421-428.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16953331?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Atik OS, Uslu MM, Eksioglu F, et al. Etiology of senile osteoporosis: a hypothesis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;443:25-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16462422?tool=bestpractice.com