鉴于锌缺乏症表现的多样性,疾病风险人群都应考虑本诊断。除了肠病性肢端皮炎中出现的严重皮疹之外,
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 面部肠病性肢端皮炎表明有严重的锌缺乏症摘自 Maverakis E, Lynch PJ, Fazel N. Acrodermatitis enteropathica。Dermatol Online J. 2007;13:11; 经授权使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 肠病性肢端皮炎表明有严重的锌缺乏症摘自 Maverakis E, Lynch PJ, Fazel N. Acrodermatitis enteropathica。Dermatol Online J. 2007;13:11; 经授权使用 [Citation ends].锌缺乏症的表现具有多变性和非特异性。由于其症状可能与诱发锌缺乏症的多种疾病相吻合,诊断变得尤其困难。鉴于此因,高怀疑指数显得十分关键。
临床评估
获得性锌缺乏症可能是由以下一种或多种原因引起的:营养摄入不良、摄入会减少锌吸收的食物或药物、慢性疾病。症状多种多样,且高危人群中临床怀疑度应较高。获得性锌缺乏症常见于众多患者群中。包括罹患以下疾病的患者:吸收不良综合征、慢性肠胃病[1]Singhal N, Alam S, Sherwani R, et al. Serum zinc levels in celiac disease. Indian Pediatr. 2008;45:319-321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451454?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Jameson S. Coeliac disease, insulin-like growth factor, bone mineral density, and zinc. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2000;35:894-896.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10994632?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Altuntas B, Filik B, Ensari A, et al. Can zinc deficiency be used as a marker for the diagnosis of celiac disease in Turkish children with short stature? Pediatr Int. 2000;42:682-684.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11192528?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Goh J, O'Morain CA. Review article: nutrition and adult inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17:307-320.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01482.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12562443?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Ojuawo A, Keith L. The serum concentrations of zinc, copper and selenium in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Cent Afr J Med. 2002;48:116-119.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14562534?tool=bestpractice.com、肝病、[6]Narkewicz MR, Krebs N, Karrer F, et al. Correction of hypozincemia following liver transplantation in children is associated with reduced urinary zinc loss. Hepatology. 1999;29:830-833.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10051486?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Stamoulis I, Kouraklis G, Theocharis S. Zinc and the liver: an active interaction. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52:1595-1612.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17415640?tool=bestpractice.com糖尿病、[8]Chausmer AB. Zinc, insulin and diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998;17:109-115.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9550453?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Zheng Y, Li XK, Wang Y, et al. The role of zinc, copper and iron in the pathogenesis of diabetes and diabetic complications: therapeutic effects by chelators. Hemoglobin. 2008;32:135-145.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18274991?tool=bestpractice.com肾脏疾病、[17]Perrone L, Gialanella G, Giordano V, et al. Impaired zinc metabolic status in children affected by idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. 1990;149:438-440.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2332016?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD. Trace elements and vitamins in maintenance dialysis patients. Adv Ren Replace Ther. 2003;10:170-182.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14708071?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Mahajan SK. Zinc in kidney disease. J Am Coll Nutr. 1989;8:296-304.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2674256?tool=bestpractice.com镰状细胞病、[14]Prasad AS. Zinc deficiency in patients with sickle cell disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:181-182.http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/75/2/181.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11815307?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Bao B, Prasad AS, Beck FW, et al. Zinc supplementation decreases oxidative stress, incidence of infection, and generation of inflammatory cytokines in sickle cell disease patients. Transl Res. 2008;152:67-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18674741?tool=bestpractice.com神经性厌食症[50]Lindberg L, Ostberg M, Isacson IM, et al. Feeding disorders related to nutrition. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95:425-429.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16720489?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Castro J, Deulofeu R, Gila A, et al. Persistence of nutritional deficiencies after short-term weight recovery in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2004;35:169-178.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14994354?tool=bestpractice.com、HIV 感染;[15]Koch J, Neal EA, Schlott MJ, et al. Zinc levels and infections in hospitalized patients with AIDS. Nutrition. 1996;12:515-518.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8878145?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Kupka R, Fawzi W. Zinc nutrition and HIV infection. Nutr Rev. 2002;60:69-79.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11908743?tool=bestpractice.com服用某些药物(氢氯噻嗪、青霉胺、乙胺丁醇和某些抗生素)进行慢性治疗的患者;年龄大于 65 岁的患者。锌缺乏症可能会促成多种与老化相关的问题发生,包括易感性和骨质疏松症。[21]Haase H, Mocchegiani E, Rink L. Correlation between zinc status and immune function in the elderly. Biogerontology. 2006;7:421-428.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16953331?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Atik OS, Uslu MM, Eksioglu F, et al. Etiology of senile osteoporosis: a hypothesis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;443:25-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16462422?tool=bestpractice.com异食癖(吃泥土)在某些社区的儿童中很常见。泥土可以有效地与锌结合,导致锌的生物利用度大幅下降。
其他危险因素包括酗酒、素食或严格素食和生活于发展中地区:[42]Zima T, Fialova L, Mestek O, et al. Oxidative stress, metabolism of ethanol and alcohol-related diseases. J Biomed Sci. 2001;8:59-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11173977?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Hunt JR. Moving toward a plant-based diet: are iron and zinc at risk? Nutr Rev. 2002;60:127-134.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12030275?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Kang YJ, Zhou Z. Zinc prevention and treatment of alcoholic liver disease. Mol Aspects Med. 2005;26:391-404.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16099027?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Rico H. Alcohol and bone disease. Alcohol Alcohol. 1990;25:345-352.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2222569?tool=bestpractice.com
锌是一种在生长发育、免疫功能、味觉、嗅觉、伤口愈合、蛋白合成、皮肤与头发维持方面起着关键作用的微量元素。一些受锌缺乏症影响的临床特征有:
生长发育方面:生长迟缓、性腺机能减退、骨质疏松(增加骨折的风险)和体重减轻
神经系统方面:意向性震颤、抑郁、注意力不集中、眼球震颤、构音障碍、夜盲症、味觉减退、嗅觉丧失和痴呆
皮肤方面:脱发、皮炎、甲沟炎和口腔黏膜炎
肠胃方面:厌食、腹痛、腹泻和舌炎
其他方面:疲乏、伤口愈合延迟、发热、异食癖、感染增加、葡萄糖耐量受损、不育/不良妊娠结局。
症状可能与引起锌缺乏症的多种疾病吻合。由于锌缺乏症存在此类非特异性表现,临床上要将其与甲状腺功能减退和抑郁区分开来是很困难的;包括铁、维生素 D、维生素 A、维生素 B12 和叶酸在内的其他营养元素缺乏可能与锌缺乏症并存,这同样也很难区分。应考虑这些缺乏症并适当地进行试验。
肠病性肢端皮炎是由吸收障碍引起的严重锌缺乏症表现之一,通常因常染色体隐性疾病而起。这种紊乱在婴儿期主要表现为结痂、水疱皮炎,
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 面部肠病性肢端皮炎表明有严重的锌缺乏症摘自 Maverakis E, Lynch PJ, Fazel N. Acrodermatitis enteropathica。Dermatol Online J. 2007;13:11; 经授权使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 肠病性肢端皮炎表明有严重的锌缺乏症摘自 Maverakis E, Lynch PJ, Fazel N. Acrodermatitis enteropathica。Dermatol Online J. 2007;13:11; 经授权使用 [Citation ends].腹泻、生长迟缓和感染。但在患严重营养缺乏的成人中,肠病性肢端皮炎也可出现,但很少见。
实验室试验
若出现疑似锌缺乏症,应进行血清或血浆锌测试。血清和血浆锌水平是常规临床实践中最常见的指标,也是唯一可用的检测方法。非妊娠成人锌水平若<9.2 µmols/L (60 µg/dL) 或<10.7 µmols/L (70 µg/dL)则判断为异常。[57]Haase H, Overbeck S, Rink L. Zinc supplementation for the treatment or prevention of disease: current status and future perspectives. Exp Gerontol. 2008;43:394-408.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18221847?tool=bestpractice.com由于在轻微缺乏的情况下,血清锌水平的敏感度相对较低,若症状较为典型,即使检测结果正常,仍应考虑口服补充剂。
其他营养缺乏症经常与锌缺乏症共存。应检测铁、维生素 D、维生素 B12 和叶酸缺乏症。脂溶性的维生素缺乏相对罕见且难以测出,因此通常不会检测。
在饮食因素引起的锌缺乏症病例中,通常无需做进一步检测。若无已知危险因素者发生锌缺乏症,应开展隐性肠胃疾病评估诸,如腹部疾病或克罗恩氏病等。
细胞锌含量和毛发锌水平分析是两项新的检测手段。
细胞锌含量:由于 95% 的锌处于细胞内,各种细胞群体(红细胞、血小板、白细胞)的锌水平已被研究评估。虽然细胞锌水平波动性小于血清,但操作难度高于血清或血浆检测,且其优越性未被明确验证。[58]Gibson RS, Hess SY, Hotz C, et al. Indicators of zinc status at the population level: a review of the evidence. Br J Nutr. 2008;99(suppl 3):S14-S23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18598584?tool=bestpractice.com
毛发锌水平分析:毛发锌分析的实用性尚不明确,主要用于研究背景中。[58]Gibson RS, Hess SY, Hotz C, et al. Indicators of zinc status at the population level: a review of the evidence. Br J Nutr. 2008;99(suppl 3):S14-S23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18598584?tool=bestpractice.com
肠性肢端皮炎的诊断主要依据典型的临床表现,以及其伴随的低血清或血浆锌水平。皮肤损伤的病理特性不能作为诊断依据,通常表现为牛皮癣皮炎。可对 ZIP4 基因进行基因检测,但并非标准检测,或并非所有机构均可进行本检测。