对于以胸痛就诊、提示为不稳定型心绞痛患者的最佳诊疗包括结合临床、心电图和实验室标志物给出准确及时的诊断,以便在较短的时间内给予恰当的治疗。
病史
典型特征包括年龄>45岁、吸烟、长期高血压、糖尿病或高脂血症。明确外周血管病史或既往心脏病史。
多数患者表现为胸痛症状,但女性、糖尿病患者和老年人可表现为不典型症状。
典型胸痛表现为胸骨后压迫感或沉重感,并放射到颌、手臂或颈部,可为间歇性或持续性。如心绞痛持续时间很长(持续超过20min)、休息时发作或新近发生的剧烈心绞痛、恶化型心绞痛或心肌梗死后均应考虑为不稳定型心绞痛。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com疼痛常伴随其他症状例如出汗、恶心、呼吸困难和晕厥。
不典型表现包括上腹痛、新近发生的消化不良、胸部刺痛、胸膜炎性胸痛或单纯呼吸困难。
检查
体格检查多无异常发现,如有也多为非特异性。
如发现杂音和脉搏短绌提示有其他心血管疾病,表明患者很可能患有严重CAD。
体格检查是对胸痛患者做出其他重要诊断的关键。例如,背部疼痛、两侧脉搏不等或主动脉瓣反流杂音提示主动脉夹层。心包摩擦音常提示急性心包炎,而奇脉提示心包填塞。大量气胸可引起气管移位,共振增强和单侧通气下降。大块肺栓塞可导致低血压、颈静脉压升高和肺纹理稀疏。体格检查能够帮助识别可能的促发因素,例如恶性高血压、甲状腺毒症或贫血。
心电图
目前的指南建议因胸痛就诊的患者在最初 10 分钟内完成心电图 (ECG) 检查并由有资质的内科医生负责解读。[38]Diercks DB, Peacock WF, Hiestand BC, et al. Frequency and consequences of recording an electrocardiogram >10 minutes after arrival in an emergency room in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (from the CRUSADE Initiative). Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:437-442.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16461033?tool=bestpractice.com
不稳定型心绞痛患者可发现心电图 ST 段压低和 T 波改变。最初的心电图或者也可表现为正常。
患者症状发作时一过性ST段压低(>0.05mV)或T波倒置(>0.2mV),而患者无症状时ECG变化消失,强烈提示急性缺血和潜在严重的CAD。[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.comST段压低的程度以及距离基线水平的毫米量均为重要的预后指标。[39]Holmvang L, Clemmensen P, Lindahl B, et al. Quantitative analysis of the admission electrocardiogram identifies patients with unstable coronary artery disease who benefit the most from early invasive treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:905-915.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12651033?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Kaul P, Fu Y, Chang WC, et al. Prognostic value of ST segment depression in acute coronary syndromes: insights from PARAGON-A applied to GUSTO-IIb. PARAGON-A and GUSTO IIb Investigators. Platelet IIb/IIIa Antagonism for the Reduction of Acute Global Organization Network. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:64-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11451297?tool=bestpractice.com当标准导联不确定时,如果怀疑持续缺血,建议使用额外的心电图导联 (V3R、V4R、V7-V9)。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com
症状反复发作的患者或不能确诊时,应当采集额外的 12 导联心电图。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com
如果初始心电图不能诊断,但患者仍有症状,并且临床上高度怀疑急性冠脉综合征,应当进行连续心电图检查(例如在第一个小时内每间隔 15 至 30 分钟进行一次检查),以发现缺血性改变。[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com
在临床实践中,通常在第 6 和 24 小时以及如果有临床状态改变时重复心电图检查。如果可能,应取得既往ECG,以便于比较。
心肌生物标记物
症状发作时应检测心肌生物标记物[肌钙蛋白I或T、肌酸激酶-MB(CK-MB)]。
CK-MB对症状发作早期(<6小时)或晚期(>36小时)及小的损伤敏感性低。[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com在患者合并骨骼肌肉系统疾病或(包括外科手术所致)损伤的情况下无特异性。
肌钙蛋白T(TnT)和肌钙蛋白I(TnI)特异性较高,但对于非常早期的心肌坏死的检测敏感性较低。如早期(症状发作<6小时)肌钙蛋白检查正常,应在8-12小时后复查。[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com
随着高敏心脏肌钙蛋白检测的问世,可以快速排除心肌坏死。在使用高敏检测时,建议使用 0 小时/3 小时方法(在就诊时 [0 小时] 进行高敏心脏肌钙蛋白测定,然后在就诊后 3 小时测定),以便排除非 ST 段抬高型急性冠脉综合征。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com或者,当有已验证推断方法的高敏心脏肌钙蛋白检测可用时,建议进行 0 小时/1 小时评估。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Mueller C, Giannitsis E, Christ M, et al. Multicenter evaluation of a 0-hour/1-hour algorithm in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T. Ann Emerg Med. 2016;68:76-87.e4.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196064415015012http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26794254?tool=bestpractice.com
在临床实践中,使用非 ST 段抬高型急性冠脉综合征诊断流程时,应当结合所有可用的临床信息和心电图。如果患者就诊非常早(例如在胸痛发作 1 小时内),应当在 3 小时进行第二次心脏肌钙蛋白检查。如果临床上仍然高度怀疑,或者在患者发生反复胸痛时,应当进行额外的连续心脏肌钙蛋白检测。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com
在所有表现出符合急性冠脉综合征症状的患者中,如果使用前一代肌钙蛋白检测,应当在就诊时以及症状发作后 3 至 6 小时进行心脏特异性肌钙蛋白(肌钙蛋白 I 或 T)水平检测。[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com在疑似急性冠脉综合征的低至中等风险患者中,在入院时无法检测到 hsTnT 值与极低的 90 天内心肌梗死或死亡风险相关。[42]Vafaie M, Slagman A, Möckel M, et al. Prognostic value of undetectable hs troponin T in suspected acute coronary syndrome. Am J Med. 2016;129:274-282.e2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26524709?tool=bestpractice.com
肌钙蛋白在释放后升高可持续10-14天。因此,数天前发生急性心肌梗死的患者目前有胸部不适和仅肌钙蛋白水平的轻微升高,可能提示陈旧的缺血。CK-MB水平适用于此种情况的鉴别,因为其可在短时间内恢复到基线水平。肌钙蛋白再次升高20%或更多可以作为再梗死的标志。[43]Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD; Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction. Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:2525-2538.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/20/2525.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17951287?tool=bestpractice.com血清肌红蛋白水平对此情况也有意义,尽管不如肌钙蛋白和CK-MB特异性高。[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com
如果没有心肌坏死的证据,根据病史和提示急性冠脉缺血的 ECG 改变,应考虑患者为不稳定型心绞痛。[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com
其他血液检查
就诊时应进行基线的全血细胞计数、电解质、肾功能、凝血分析、血糖和脂质/胆固醇分析等检测。由于血清胆固醇在心肌梗死入院几小时后可显著下降,因此须在最初就诊时检查。[44]Fresco C, Maggioni FC, Signorini S, et al. Variations in lipopoprotein levels after myocardial infarction and unstable angina: the LATIN trial. Ital Heart J. 2002;3:587-592.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12478816?tool=bestpractice.com
影像学检查
就诊时应行胸部X线检查以鉴别导致胸痛的其他病因。
当临床高度怀疑存在急性冠状动脉综合征,且心电图正常或因过去存在的异常(基线ST-T改变、存在陈旧的左束支阻滞、起搏心律)而无法确诊,应行初始床旁超声检查,因为超声可显示一过性室壁运动异常。超声还可识别引起不稳定型心绞痛的潜在病因,例如主动脉瓣狭窄或梗阻性心肌病。另外,其还有助于排除其他具有类似临床表现,对治疗有重要影响的病因,例如心肌心包炎、心包积液、主动脉夹层、充血性心衰 (congestive heart failure, CHF) 或晚期瓣膜病。在经连续 ECG 检查和心肌酶学检测排除心肌梗死后,负荷试验(运动或药物负荷)可用来对患者进行进一步风险分层和分诊。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者的心电图和心脏肌钙蛋白都正常,可以合理地进行 CT 血管造影,以便评估冠状动脉解剖结构,或进行静息心肌灌注成像,排除心肌缺血。[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com
患者病情稳定后,使用运动或药物负荷实施心肌灌注检查,用于识别心肌缺血的范围和指导患者接受可能的有创治疗方法。
初始 CT 扫描或磁共振扫 (MRI) 描在临床表现提示其他诊断例如肺栓塞或主动脉夹层时可能有价值,并能够识别其他心脏结构性异常,例如心脏肿物和冠状动脉畸形。[45]Hendel RC, Patel MR, Kramer CM, et al. ACCF/ACR/SCCT/SCMR/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SIR 2006 appropriateness criteria for cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1475-1497.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1137956http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17010819?tool=bestpractice.com
冠状动脉造影不但可诊断冠状动脉狭窄,还能即刻给予治疗,因为可在造影的同时进行血管成形术和支架置入术。
有创诊治策略
关于非 ST 段抬高型急性冠脉综合征中有创性冠状动脉造影和血运重建的一般建议包括:
对于符合下列至少1条极高风险标准的患者,立即实施有创治疗策略(<2 小时):
对于符合下列至少1条高风险标准的患者,早期实施侵入性治疗策略(<24 小时):
对于符合下列至少1条中度风险标准的患者,实施侵入性治疗策略(<72 小时):
在没有上述风险标准并且没有症状反复发作的患者中,决定有创性评估之前,建议对缺血进行无创性检测(最好是使用影像学检查)。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com
当存在轻度心绞痛、既往心肌梗死史、代偿性或既往心力衰竭史、糖尿病或肾功能不全提示临床中度怀疑急性冠状动脉综合征,但心电图又无帮助时,冠状动脉CT血管造影可在紧急情况下用于识别严重的冠状动脉近端狭窄。[45]Hendel RC, Patel MR, Kramer CM, et al. ACCF/ACR/SCCT/SCMR/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SIR 2006 appropriateness criteria for cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1475-1497.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1137956http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17010819?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Williams MC, Hunter A, Shah AS, et al. Use of coronary computed tomographic angiography to guide management of patients with coronary disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:1759-1768.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109716008196http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27081014?tool=bestpractice.com