在全球范围内,无论男性还是女性,心血管疾病(Cardiovascular disease, CVD)均为导致死亡的第一位疾病,预计未来仍将为主要死亡原因。据估计,每年有 1750 万人死于 CVD。[7]World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases. http://www.who.int (last accessed 25 January 2017).http://www.who.int/topics/cardiovascular_diseases/en/约80%的CVD死亡事件发生在中低收入国家。
来自英国的统计数据表明 2006 至 2007 的一年期间共发生不稳定型心绞痛 69,971 例,共导致 42,526 例急诊入院。多数病例为男性患者(42,526例)和60岁以上人群。[8]National Health Service. Hospital episode statistics, admitted patient care - England 2006-07. December 2007. http://www.hscic.gov.uk (last accessed 29 March 2016).http://www.hscic.gov.uk/searchcatalogue?productid=92&q=title%3a%22hospital+episode+statistics%22&sort=Relevance&size=10&page=3#top在丹麦,粗略统计急性冠状动脉综合征的发生率在男性中约为每年331/100,000,而女性相对较低为每年137/100,000。[9]Nielsen KM, Foldspang A, Larsen ML, et al. Estimating the incidence of the acute coronary syndrome: data from a Danish cohort of 138 290 persons. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007;14:608-614.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17925618?tool=bestpractice.com捷克共和国急性冠状动脉综合征的总发生率与丹麦相似(每年325/100,000例),估计导致年死亡率为5.1%。[10]Widimsky P, Zelizko M, Jansky P, et al. The incidence, treatment strategies and outcomes of acute coronary syndromes in the "reperfusion network" of different hospital types in the Czech Republic: results of the Czech evaluation of acute coronary syndromes in hospitalized patients (CZECH) registry. Int J Cardiol. 2007;119:212-219.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17442424?tool=bestpractice.com
仅在美国,不稳定型心绞痛和非 ST 段抬高型急性冠脉综合征 (non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome, NSTE-ACS) 可导致每年约 530 万例患者急诊就诊和 140 万例患者住院。[11]Graves EJ, Kozak LJ. Detailed diagnoses and procedures, National Hospital Discharge Survey, 1996. Vital Health Stat 13. 1998;138:1-151.http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_13/sr13_138.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9795577?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Nourjah P. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 1997 emergency department summary. Adv Data. 1999;304:1-24.http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad304.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10662355?tool=bestpractice.com在美国,尽管疾病特异死亡率逐年下降,但心脏病仍为白人男性和>65岁女性死亡的首位原因。美国不同种族分析发现,在亚裔人群以及西班牙裔女性和美洲印第安裔女性中,心脏病是次于癌症排位第二的死亡原因。在其他所有人群中,心脏病是首要死亡原因。[13]National Institutes for Health: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Morbidity and mortality: 2012 chart book on cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases. February 2012. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov (last accessed 25 January 2017).https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/research/2012_ChartBook_508.pdf