临床表现和发现符合不稳定型心绞痛患者初始治疗步骤的关键是根据最可能的推定诊断做出初步干预和分诊。
在心肌生物标志物的结果出来前,非 ST 段抬高型急性冠脉综合征 (non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome, NSTE-ACS)(即:不稳定型心绞痛和非 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死)患者的早期治疗方案相同。
怀疑不稳定型心绞痛的患者应分到高敏度组,并立即接受配有除颤器的心电监护。[51]Tatum JL, Jesse RL, Kontos MC, et al. Comprehensive strategy for the evaluation and triage of the chest pain patient. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;29:116-125.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8998090?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Ornato JP. Chest pain emergency centers: improving acute myocardial infarction care. Clin Cardiol. 1999;22(suppl 8):IV3-IV9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10492848?tool=bestpractice.com
推测为心源性胸痛患者的初始治疗
如怀疑病因来自心脏,在进一步检查的同时应进行早期干预。[53]Selker HP, Beshansky JR, Griffith JL, et al. Use of the acute cardiac ischemia time-insensitive predictive instrument (ACI-TIPI) to assist with triage of patients with chest pain or other symptoms suggestive of acute cardiac ischemia. A multicenter, controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:845-855.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9867725?tool=bestpractice.com对于无禁忌证的患者,应采用吸氧、阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛或氯吡格雷、心脏事件:有高质量证据表明,与安慰剂相比,中等剂量的阿司匹林(75-325 mg/天)可降低不稳定型心绞痛患者死亡、心肌梗死和卒中的风险。但是,每天服用>325mg的阿司匹林有更多的不良反应。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。吗啡和硝酸甘油。阿司匹林和硝酸甘油可在入院前由医护人员给予。
12导联ECG应在就诊10分钟内完成并给出解释。发现ST段抬高应迅速给予纤溶剂或经皮冠状动脉介入术。溶栓治疗应在就诊后30分钟或30分钟内进行穿刺;PCI应在咨询或就诊后90分钟或90分钟内进行扩张球囊。[54]American College of Emergency Physicians; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:e78-e140.https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/playContent/1-s2.0-S0735109712055623?returnurl=http:%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0735109712055623%3Fshowall%3Dtrue&referrer=http:%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F%3Fterm%3D23256914http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23256914?tool=bestpractice.com
不稳定型心绞痛患者(肌钙蛋白阴性),如果无反复发作或持续症状,并且心电图正常,可以在普通病房接受监测,但 NSTEMI 患者应当接受心律监测。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com
持续药物治疗
如无 ST 段抬高,不稳定型心绞痛患者应使用稳定冠状动脉斑块和预防血栓形成的药物,尽量避免或减少心肌损伤。药物抗缺血治疗的目的是降低心肌需氧量,增加心肌供氧。
必要时使用吗啡、静脉硝酸甘油和吸氧减轻疼痛和焦虑。如果血氧饱和度<90% 或如果患者呼吸窘迫,应当给予吸氧。
建议使用β受体阻滞剂或硝酸酯类药物,这是一线抗缺血药物。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com如无以下情况:心力衰竭征象、低输出状态、心源性休克风险增加或其他β受体阻滞剂相对禁忌证(例如心脏传导阻滞,发作期哮喘),需在前 24 小时内开始β受体阻滞剂治疗。[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com如果胸痛持续存在,在发作时和急诊室内建议进行静脉给药。[55]Gibler WB, Cannon CP, Blomkalns AL, et al. Practical implementation of the guidelines for unstable angina/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in the emergency department: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Acute Cardiac Care), Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, and Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group, in Collaboration With the Society of Chest Pain Centers. Circulation. 2005;111:2699-2710.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/111/20/2699.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15911720?tool=bestpractice.com其他情况下口服治疗即可。
在无禁忌证的情况下,建议所有 UA/NSTEMI 患者使用阿司匹林。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com
除了阿司匹林外,建议使用 P2Y12 抑制剂 [例如:氯吡格雷、替格瑞洛、普拉格雷 (prasugrel)],持续 12 个月,除非有禁忌证,例如出血风险过高。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com在 NSTE-ACS 患者中,已经证明较新的口服 P2Y12 抑制剂(替格瑞洛和普拉格雷)可减少严重心血管事件和心肌梗死,但代价是增加出血风险。[56]Bavishi C, Panwar S, Messerli FH, et al. Meta-analysis of comparison of the newer oral P2Y12 inhibitors (prasugrel or ticagrelor) to clopidogrel in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2015;116:809-817.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119655?tool=bestpractice.com无论采取何种初始治疗策略,如无禁忌证,均推荐替格瑞洛用于有缺血事件中到高风险(例如心脏肌钙蛋白水平升高)的所有患者。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com推荐氯吡格雷用于不能接受替格瑞洛和普拉格雷的患者。对于计划接受侵入性治疗的患者,当替格瑞洛或普拉格雷不作为治疗选择时,建议增加氯吡格雷的负荷剂量(或在初始剂量后经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 [PCI] 时补充剂量)。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com
如无禁忌证,建议所有进行 PCI 的患者使用普拉格雷。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com对于既往有卒中和/或短暂性脑缺血发作 (TIA) 且计划行 PCI 的 UA/NSTEMI 患者,普拉格雷作为双联抗血小板治疗的一部分可能有害。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com
当存在β受体阻滞剂禁忌证且没有左心室功能异常的情况下,非二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂推荐用于持续性胸痛或频繁反复发作心绞痛患者以减轻症状。[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Gibler WB, Cannon CP, Blomkalns AL, et al. Practical implementation of the guidelines for unstable angina/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in the emergency department: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Acute Cardiac Care), Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, and Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group, in Collaboration With the Society of Chest Pain Centers. Circulation. 2005;111:2699-2710.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/111/20/2699.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15911720?tool=bestpractice.com心脏事件:较差质量的证据表明,不稳定性心绞痛患者使用钙通道阻滞剂与对照组相比,心肌梗死或死亡的发生率无显著差异。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。关于钙通道阻滞剂在NSTEMI患者中的应用目前仅存在一些小型随机临床试验。总体上,这些研究显示了钙通道阻滞剂能有效缓解症状,其疗效似乎与β受体阻滞剂相当。但是,钙通道阻滞剂不能降低未经选择的患者的死亡率。尽管如此,地尔硫卓和维拉帕米可降低无肺充血的非Q波心肌梗死患者的联合终点(长期死亡率和复发的非致死性心肌梗死)。[57]Gibson RS, Hansen JF, Messerli F, et al. Long-term effects of diltiazem and verapamil on mortality and cardiac events in non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction without pulmonary congestion: post hoc subset analysis of the multicenter diltiazem postinfarction trial and the second Danish verapamil infarction trial studies. Am J Cardiol. 2000:86:275-279.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10922432?tool=bestpractice.com对无充血性心力衰竭并接受溶栓治疗急性心肌梗死的患者,使用口服地尔硫卓不能降低随访 6 个月内的心脏死亡、难治性缺血或非致死性心肌梗死的累积发生率,但是的确可降低非致死性心脏事件复合终点,尤其是降低对心肌血运重建的需求。[58]Boden WE, van Gilst WH, Scheldewaert RG, et al. Diltiazem in acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic agents: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Incomplete Infarction Trial of European Research Collaborators Evaluating Prognosis post-Thrombolysis (INTERCEPT). Lancet. 2000;355:1751-1756.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10832825?tool=bestpractice.com应用大剂量短效硝苯地平对冠心病患者死亡率具有不良影响。[59]Furberg CD, Psaty BM, Meyer JV. Nifedipine: dose-related increase in mortality in patients with coronary heart disease. Circulation. 1995;92:1326-1331.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/92/5/1326.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7648682?tool=bestpractice.com
持续性胸痛的患者应考虑静脉内使用硝酸酯类药物。目前在 UA 患者中尚无使用硝酸酯类药物的大型随机安慰剂对照试验。但是,多个小型开放标签的研究表明静脉使用硝酸甘油对于缓解心绞痛和症状非常有效。[60]Thadani U, Opie LH. Nitrates for unstable angina. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1994;8:719-726.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7873468?tool=bestpractice.com使用硝酸酯类药物的主要禁忌证为低血压。主要治疗获益与静脉扩张效应有关,静脉扩张效应可导致心肌前负荷和左心室舒张末容积降低,从而使心肌耗氧量下降有关。硝酸酯类药物可扩张冠状动脉血管,改善侧支循环。使用剂量应上调至达到预期效应或出现副作用,特别是头痛或低血压。达到稳定后,开始使用口服剂型。
ACEI 适用于尽管使用硝酸甘油或β受体阻滞剂后高血压持续存在的患者,或左心室收缩功能障碍或 CHF 患者。[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com它们使高危患者(已知的CAD、卒中、外周血管病或糖尿病史加至少1项其他心血管危险因素)获益,包括左心室功能正常的患者。如无低血压、高钾血症和急性肾功能衰竭,应在就诊后12~24h开始应用。[61]Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, et al; Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:145-153.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200001203420301#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10639539?tool=bestpractice.com
在 NSTE-ACS 患者中,除了抗血小板治疗外,建议对所有患者采取抗凝治疗,无论初始治疗策略如何。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com抗凝治疗的选择包括普通肝素、低分子肝素 [例如依诺肝素 (enoxoparin)]、选择性因子 Xa 抑制剂(即:磺达肝素)或直接凝血酶抑制剂(例如,比伐芦定)。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com比伐芦定仅用于接受早期有创策略治疗的患者。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com对于接受阿司匹林治疗的患者,短期普通肝素或低分子肝素 (LMWH) 治疗(最长 7 天)可降低心肌梗死风险,但在肝素研究中,与对照研究相比,大出血有增加趋势。[62]Eikelboom JW, Anand SS, Malmberg K, et al. Unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin in acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2000;355:1936-1942. [Erratum in: Lancet. 2000;356:600.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10859038?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Andrade-Castellanos CA, Colunga-Lozano LE, Delgado-Figueroa N, et al. Heparin versus placebo for non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(6):CD003462.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003462.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24972265?tool=bestpractice.com一些研究显示短期治疗可降低死亡率,[62]Eikelboom JW, Anand SS, Malmberg K, et al. Unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin in acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2000;355:1936-1942. [Erratum in: Lancet. 2000;356:600.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10859038?tool=bestpractice.com尽管其他研究没有获得同样结果。[63]Andrade-Castellanos CA, Colunga-Lozano LE, Delgado-Figueroa N, et al. Heparin versus placebo for non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(6):CD003462.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003462.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24972265?tool=bestpractice.com
抗栓治疗的强度应根据个体情况和并发症风险调整。[64]Navarese EP, Andreotti F, Kołodziejczak M, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of anticoagulant strategies for acute coronary syndromes. Comprehensive network meta-analysis of 42 randomised trials involving 117,353 patients. Thromb Haemost. 2015;114:933-944.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26177601?tool=bestpractice.com三联治疗(抗血小板药物、肝素和糖蛋白 IIb/IIIa 抑制剂)一般用于高风险患者。[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com
大量非 ST 段抬高型急性冠脉综合征试验显示,在接受药物治疗的患者和接受 PCI 的患者中,糖蛋白 Ⅱb/Ⅲa 抑制剂在降低死亡率和减少心血管事件方面有益。[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com然而,其中大多数(如果不是全部)试验都是在氯吡格雷或较新的抗血小板药物成为常规治疗之前开展。糖蛋白 IIb/IIIa 抑制剂能减少复合缺血终点,但增加出血风险。[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the effects of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockers during percutaneous coronary intervention?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.470/full显示答案 在侵入性治疗时使用糖蛋白 IIb/IIIa 抑制剂并没有显著获益,因此在有创冠状动脉造影之后再使用该类药物是合理的。
具有高风险特征(例如肌钙蛋白水平升高)的 NSTEMI 患者,如果在接受 PCI 时未接受过氯吡格雷或替格瑞洛的充分预治疗,可以给予糖蛋白 IIb/IIIa 抑制剂(阿昔单抗、两次静脉推注依替巴肽或静脉推注高剂量替罗非班)。[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com如果患者接受 PCI 并且接受普拉格雷或替格瑞洛治疗,糖蛋白 IIb/IIIa 抑制剂应当仅限于紧急治疗血栓并发症。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com
侵入性治疗策略的适应症
关于非 ST 段抬高型急性冠脉综合征中有创性冠状动脉造影和血运重建的一般建议包括:[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do routine and selective invasive strategies compare for the treatment of unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1452/full显示答案
在没有上述风险标准并且没有症状反复发作的患者中,决定有创性评估之前,建议对缺血进行无创性检测(最好是使用影像学检查)。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com
NSTE-ACS 患者早期血运重建治疗的获益取决于找到引起临床表现的病变或冠状动脉阻塞。接受冠状动脉造影作为侵入性治疗一部分的 NSTE-ACS 患者中,超过三分之一在术中未发现病变或血运重建的靶病变。[65]Kerensky RA, Wade M, Deedwania P, et al. Revisiting the culprit lesion in non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Results from the VANQWISH trial angiographic core laboratory. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1456-1463.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11985907?tool=bestpractice.com
早期风险评估是基于心肌梗死溶栓 (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction, TIMI) 风险评分和急性冠脉事件全球注册库 (GRACE) 风险模型。[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.comTIMI Study GroupGlobal Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) ACS risk modelTIMI 风险评分和 GRACE 评分都可识别会从早期侵入性治疗中获益的患者。
支持性治疗
应根据症状和造影发现,对NSTE-ACS患者应进行24-48小时的监测。
已经接受血运重建治疗的患者在前 12 小时以后发生危及生命的心律失常的风险较低,但即便支架成功置入,也推荐术后至少监护 24 小时。
推荐积极的危险因素干预。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com
长期抗血小板治疗
阿司匹林应持续长期使用。对于阿司匹林过敏的患者,建议长期应用替格瑞洛或氯吡格雷治疗,在这些患者中,氯吡格雷还应持续长期使用。
对于接受药物治疗但未放置支架的 UA/NSTEMI 患者,应当无限期给予阿司匹林治疗,氯吡格雷或替格瑞洛治疗应最长 12 个月。[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com
对于放置裸金属支架 (bare metal stent, BMS) 或药物洗脱支架 (drug-eluting stent, DES) 的 UA/NSTEMI 患者,应当持续长期使用阿司匹林。放置 DES 的患者,氯吡格雷、普拉格雷或替格瑞洛给药至少 12 个月,放置 BMS 的患者,给药最长 12 个月。[3]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1910086http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com
血脂和其他危险因素的长期管理
如果不存在禁忌证,所有 NSTE-ACS 患者在入院后应当尽快开始高强度他汀治疗(即:能使低密度脂蛋白 [LDL] 胆固醇大约降低 50% 的他汀治疗方案)。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com对于尽管接受最大可耐受剂量的他汀治疗,LDL 仍>1.8 mmol/L (>70 mg/dL) 的患者,应当考虑将依折麦布添加到高强度他汀治疗方案中,以进一步降低 LDL。[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com在一项研究中,将依折麦布添加至辛伐他汀,对于 LDL 胆固醇在指南建议范围内的急性冠脉综合征患者,可进一步降低发生心血管事件的风险。[66]Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, et al. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2387-2397.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1410489#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26039521?tool=bestpractice.com与单用辛伐他汀相比,依折麦布(可减少胃肠道中胆固醇的吸收)联合辛伐他汀可使 LDL 胆固醇降低 24%。[66]Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, et al. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2387-2397.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1410489#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26039521?tool=bestpractice.com这项研究的扩展部分发现,与单用辛伐他汀相比,依折麦布联合辛伐他汀可改善 6 年随访期间的临床结局,并减少心肌梗死和卒中的发生。[67]Murphy SA, Cannon CP, Blazing MA, et al. Reduction in total cardiovascular events with ezetimibe/simvastatin post-acute coronary syndrome: the IMPROVE-IT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:353-361.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26821621?tool=bestpractice.com
如果高强度他汀类治疗有禁忌或存在诱发他汀类相关不良反应的因素或特征,应使用中等强度的他汀类治疗(每日剂量可使 LDL-胆固醇平均降低 30%-50%)作为次要选择。[68]Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2889-2934.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109713060282http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24239923?tool=bestpractice.com易于引发他汀类药物不良反应的特征包括但不限定于以下几项:多种或严重的共病,包括肝肾功能受损;既往他汀类不耐受或肌肉疾病的病史;不明原因 ALT 升高>3 倍正常范围上限;患者自身特点或同时使用影响他汀类药物代谢的药物。其他可能影响使用更高强度他汀类药物治疗决策的特点包括但不限定于:出血性卒中病史和亚洲血统。[68]Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2889-2934.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109713060282http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24239923?tool=bestpractice.com
对于二级预防,年龄在 75 岁及以下、有临床动脉粥样硬化性心血管的病患者应开始并持续高强度他汀治疗。[68]Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2889-2934.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109713060282http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24239923?tool=bestpractice.com对于年龄 75 岁及以上的临床动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病患者,应当考虑采取中等强度他汀治疗。[68]Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2889-2934.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109713060282http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24239923?tool=bestpractice.com
推荐进行危险因素干预,[1]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com包括改善生活方式(戒烟;规律的体育活动,每周至少5次持续30分钟的中等强度有氧运动;低盐、低饱和脂肪摄入为基础的健康饮食,规律的水果和蔬菜摄入;减轻体重)。除了生活方式改善之外,需要适当控制高血压、糖尿病和高脂血症。