可卡因滥用

Chang A, Osterloh J, Thomas J. Levamisole: a dangerous new cocaine adulterant. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;88:408-411.

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Vento AE, Schifano F, Corkery JM, et al. Suicide verdicts as opposed to accidental deaths in substance-related fatalities (UK, 2001-2007). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011;35:1279-1283.

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Blaho K, Logan B, Winbery S, et al. Blood cocaine and metabolite concentrations, clinical findings, and outcome of patients presenting to an ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2000;18:593-598.

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Karila L, Gorelick D, Weinstein A, et al. New treatments for cocaine dependence: a focused review. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;11:425-438.

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1.  Chang A, Osterloh J, Thomas J. Levamisole: a dangerous new cocaine adulterant. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;88:408-411.

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2.  Bradford M, Rosenberg B, Moreno J, et al. Bilateral necrosis of earlobes and cheeks: another complication of cocaine contaminated with levamisole. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:758-759.

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3.  Haasen C, Prinzleve M, Zurhold H, et al. Cocaine use in Europe - a multi-centre study. Methodology and prevalence estimates. Eur Addict Res. 2004;10:139-146.

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4.  Kraus L, Augustin R, Kunz-Ebrecht S, et al. Drug use patterns and drug-related disorders of cocaine users in a sample of the general population in Germany. Eur Addict Res. 2007;13:116-125.

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5.  United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World drug report 2016. May 2016. http://www.unodc.org (last accessed 6 September 2016).

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6.  Kranzler HR, Wilcox M, Weiss RD, et al. The validity of cocaine dependence subtypes. Addict Behav. 2008;33:41-53.

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7.  Henning RJ, Cuevas J. Cocaine activates calcium/calmodulin kinase II and causes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2006;48:802-813.

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8.  Karch SB, Green GS, Young S. Myocardial hypertrophy and coronary artery disease in male cocaine users. J Forensic Sci. 1995;40:591-595.

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9.  Haider AW, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, et al. Increased left ventricular mass and hypertrophy are associated with increased risk for sudden death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:1454-1459.

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10.  Bauman JL, DiDomenico RJ. Cocaine-induced channelopathies: emerging evidence on the multiple mechanisms of sudden death. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2002;7:195-202.

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11.  Graf J, Lynch K, Yeh CL, et al. Purpura, cutaneous necrosis, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies associated with levamisole-adulterated cocaine. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:3998-4001.

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12.  Bertol E, Mari F, Milia MG, et al. Determination of aminorex in human urine samples by GC-MS after use of levamisole. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2011;55:1186-1189.

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13.  Karch SB, Mari F, Bartolini V, et al. Aminorex poisoning in cocaine abusers. Int J Cardiol. 2012;158:344-346.

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14.  Wiens MO, Son WK, Ross C, et al. Cases: Cocaine adulterant linked to neutropenia. CMAJ. 2010;182:57-59.

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15.  Rosas AL, Kasperlik-Zaluska AA, Papierska L, et al. Pheochromocytoma crisis induced by glucocorticoids: a report of four cases and review of the literature. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;158:423-429.

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16.  Karch SB. The pathology of drug abuse, 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2002.

17.  Vento AE, Schifano F, Corkery JM, et al. Suicide verdicts as opposed to accidental deaths in substance-related fatalities (UK, 2001-2007). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011;35:1279-1283.

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18.  Blaho K, Logan B, Winbery S, et al. Blood cocaine and metabolite concentrations, clinical findings, and outcome of patients presenting to an ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2000;18:593-598.

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19.  Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2012 ACCF/AHA focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013;127:e663-e828.

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20.  Castells X, Kosten TR, Capellà D, et al. Efficacy of opiate maintenance therapy and adjunctive interventions for opioid dependence with comorbid cocaine use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2009;35:339-349.

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21.  Robertson KE, Martin TN, Rae AP. Brugada-pattern ECG and cardiac arrest in cocaine toxicity: reading between the white lines. Heart. 2010;96:643-644.

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22.  Bulstrode N, Banks F, Shrotria S. The outcome of drug smuggling by 'body packers': the British experience. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2002;84:35-38.

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23.  Karch SB, Stephens BG, Ho CH. Methamphetamine-related deaths in San Francisco: demographic, pathologic, and toxicologic profiles. J Forensic Sci. 1999;44:359-368.

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24.  Blechman KM, Karch SB, Stephens BG. Demographic, pathologic, and toxicological profiles of 127 decedents testing positive for ephedrine alkaloids. Forensic Sci Int. 2004;139:61-69.

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25.  Namera A, Kawamura M, Nakamoto A, et al. Comprehensive review of the detection methods for synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones. Forensic Toxicol. 2015;33:175-194.

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26.  Mash DC, Duque L, Pablo J, et al. Brain biomarkers for identifying excited delirium as a cause of sudden death. Forensic Sci Int. 2009;190:e13-e19.

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27.  Karch SB. Cathinone neurotoxicity ("The "3Ms"). Curr Neuropharmacol. 2015;13:21-25.

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28.  Banbery, J. Treatment of withdrawal syndromes. In: Karch SB, ed. Drug abuse handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2006.

29.  Stewart A, Heaton ND, Hogbin B. Body packing: a case report and review of the literature. Postgrad Med J. 1990;66:659-661.

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30.  Schaper A, Hofmann R, Bargain P, et al. Surgical treatment in cocaine body packers and body pushers. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007;22:1531-1535.

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31.  Karila L, Gorelick D, Weinstein A, et al. New treatments for cocaine dependence: a focused review. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;11:425-438.

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32.  Simpson DD, Joe GW, Broome KM. A national 5-year follow-up of treatment outcomes for cocaine dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:538-544.

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33.  Macías J, Palacios RB, Claro E, et al. High prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among noninjecting drug users: association with sharing the inhalation implements of crack. Liver Int. 2008;28:781-786.

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34.  Jacobson JM, Hirschman SZ. Necrotizing fasciitis complicating intravenous drug abuse. Arch Intern Med. 1982;142:634-635.

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35.  Indave BI, Minozzi S, Pani PP, et al. Antipsychotic medications for cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(3):CD006306.

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36.  Howe AS, Boden BP. Heat-related illness in athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:1384-1395.

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37.  McCord J, Jneid H, Hollander JE, et al. Management of cocaine-associated chest pain and myocardial infarction: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Acute Cardiac Care Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation. 2008;117:1897-1907.

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38.  Karch SB. Cocaine cardiovascular toxicity. South Med J. 2005;98:794-799.

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39.  Howington JU, Kutz SC, Wilding GE, et al. Cocaine use as a predictor of outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2003;99:271-275.

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40.  Bartzokis G, Beckson M, Wirshing DA, et al. Choreoathetoid movements in cocaine dependence. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45:1630-1635.

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41.  Viswanathan G, Navaneethan SD. An overlooked differential diagnosis of acute chest pain. South Med J. 2007;100:850.

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42.  Barsky SH, Roth MD, Kleerup EC, et al. Histopathologic and molecular alterations in bronchial epithelium in habitual smokers of marijuana, cocaine, and/or tobacco. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90:1198-1205.

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43.  Murphy EL, DeVita D, Liu H, et al. Risk factors for skin and soft-tissue abscesses among injection drug users: a case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:35-40.

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