患者情况稳定后,应该对患者进行传染病评估,包括艾滋病、乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎,以及其他性传播疾病。适合进行行为辅导以及抑郁症和其他潜在精神疾病的精神病药物治疗。需要社会和心理支持来打破长期毒品滥用的恶性循环。对一些患者可用维持疗法。
针对非住院方案,包括认知行为疗法(矩阵模型)和基于操作性行为技术(应急管理)方案已经使用并取得了一定成功。[19]Rawson R, Gonzales R, Brethen P. Treatment of methamphetamine use disorders: an update. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2002 Sep;23(2):145-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12220612?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Roll JM, Petry NM, Stitzer ML, et al. Contingency for the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Nov;163(11):1993-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17074952?tool=bestpractice.com
针对甲基苯丙胺滥用的男男性行为接触者的特殊治疗发现,甲基苯丙胺滥用的强度与 HIV 感染风险相关。 在这组试验中,这些综合措施关注伴随的性行为,并增加针对性行为和暴力的干预力度。[21]Shoptaw S, Reback CJ. Associations between methamphetamine use and HIV among men who have sex with men: a model for guiding public policy. J Urban Health. 2006 Nov;83(6):1151-7.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3261283/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17111217?tool=bestpractice.com 基于同伴网络的教育干预可减少甲基苯丙胺的使用,改善性行为,以及减少性传播感染疾病发生。[22]Sherman SG, Sutcliffe C, Srirojn B, et al. Evaluation of a peer network intervention trial among young methamphetamine users in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Soc Sci Med. 2009 Jan;68(1):69-79.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800793/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18986746?tool=bestpractice.com
对滥用甲基苯丙胺的患者进行社会心理干预可能有良好的短期临床结局,特别是进行认知行为治疗,但治疗效果的持久性有限,且治疗诱导和维持情况较差。[23]Courtney KE, Ray LA. Methamphetamine: an update on epidemiology, pharmacology, clinical phenomenology, and treatment literature. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014 Oct 1;143:11-21.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164186/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25176528?tool=bestpractice.com
对认知和行为疗法的相关研究进行系统评价,结果表明,它们能有效地治疗甲基苯丙胺使用和依赖的患者,但对于这些干预措施疗效的长久性,还需要进一步研究。[24]Lee NK, Rawson RA, Lee NK, et al. A systematic review of cognitive and behavioural therapies for methamphetamine dependence. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2008 May;27(3):309-17.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4445690/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368613?tool=bestpractice.com
慢性苯丙胺滥用患者,应用抗抑郁药治疗时同时加强心理社会干预。 这种方法可以改善戒断引起的快感缺乏。[25]D'Souza MS, Markon A. Neural substrates of psychostimulant withdrawal-induced anhedonia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2010;3:119-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21161752?tool=bestpractice.com
苯丙胺具有中度的5-羟色胺能作用,且单胺氧化酶抑制剂、选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs),以及三环抗抑郁药一般都有中至重度的5-羟色胺能作用。 因此,使用这类抗抑郁药物可能发生5-羟色胺综合征。
已经应用于慢性可卡因滥用的其他药品也建议使用,包括哌甲酯、神经松驰剂,以及多巴胺激动剂(例如,溴隐亭、培高利特),但没有临床试验报道这些药应用于慢性苯丙胺滥用患者。[11]Romanelli F, Smith KM. Clinical effects and management of methamphetamine abuse. Pharmacotherapy. 2006 Aug;26(8):1148-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16863490?tool=bestpractice.com
氟西汀(一种SSRI)与安慰剂相比,可显著减少渴求,但对于苯丙胺使用没有任何作用。[11]Romanelli F, Smith KM. Clinical effects and management of methamphetamine abuse. Pharmacotherapy. 2006 Aug;26(8):1148-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16863490?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Karila L, Weinstein A, Aubin HJ, et al. Pharmacological approaches to methamphetamine dependence: a focused review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010 Jun;69(6):578-92.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2883750/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20565449?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Brackins T, Brahm NC, Kissack JC. Treatments for methamphetamine abuse: a literature review for the clinician. J Pharm Pract. 2011 Dec;24(6):541-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22095579?tool=bestpractice.com 在临床试验中,未见舍曲林(另一种 SSRI)在治疗甲基苯丙胺依赖方面有改善的结局。[28]Shoptaw S, Huber A, Peck J, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of sertraline and contingency management for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006 Oct 15;85(1):12-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16621339?tool=bestpractice.com
使用安非他酮联合行为团体疗法,对轻中度甲基苯丙胺依赖患者进行治疗,能增加毒品戒断的周数。[29]Elkashef AM, Rawson RA, Anderson AL, et al. Bupropion for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008 Apr;33(5):1162-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17581531?tool=bestpractice.com[30]McCann DJ, Li SH. A novel, nonbinary evaluation of success and failure reveals bupropion efficacy versus methamphetamine dependence: reanalysis of a multisite trial. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2012 May;18(5):414-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22070720?tool=bestpractice.com
加巴喷丁和巴氯芬在临床试验中已有使用;然而,没有证据支持这些药物可用于甲基苯丙胺依赖患者,但进一步的研究是必要的。[31]Heinzerling KG, Shoptaw S, Peck JA, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of baclofen and gabapentin for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006 Dec 1;85(3):177-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16740370?tool=bestpractice.com
一篇综述显示,米氮平相对安慰剂,其作为戒断药物的效果尚不明确,并还需要更多的研究证实。[32]Shoptaw SJ, Kao U, Heinzerling K, et al. Treatment for amphetamine withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD003021.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003021.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370579?tool=bestpractice.com
对于甲基苯丙胺依赖患者已经进行了维持治疗方法的研究。 在随机对照试验中,已经发现莫达非尼、右苯丙胺和哌甲酯可以减少甲基苯丙胺依赖患者对该毒品的渴求和使用。[33]Shearer J, Darke S, Rodgers C, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of modafinil (200 mg/day) for methamphetamine dependence. Addiction. 2009 Feb;104(2):224-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19149817?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Longo M, Wickes W, Smout M, et al. Randomized controlled trial of dexamphetamine maintenance for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence. Addiction. 2010 Jan;105(1):146-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19839966?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Ling W, Chang L, Hillhouse M, et al. Sustained-release methylphenidate in a randomized trial of treatment of methamphetamine use disorder. Addiction. 2014 Sep;109(9):1489-500.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4127124/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24825486?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,一项研究未能证明哌甲酯的作用优于安慰剂。[36]Miles SW, Sheridan J, Russell B, et al. Extended-release methylphenidate for treatment of amphetamine/methamphetamine dependence: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Addiction. 2013 Jul;108(7):1279-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23297867?tool=bestpractice.com 在一项对比试验中,与哌甲酯相比,利培酮对甲基苯丙胺依赖患者似乎也具有疗效。[37]Solhi H, Jamilian HR, Kazemifar AM, et al. Methylphenidate vs. resperidone in treatment of methamphetamine dependence: a clinical trial. Saudi Pharm J. 2014 Jul;22(3):191-4.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4099559/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061402?tool=bestpractice.com
一项小型研究表明,纳曲酮可以抑制线索诱导的对甲基苯丙胺的渴求。[38]Ray LA, Bujarski S, Courtney KE, et al. The effects of naltrexone on subjective response to methamphetamine in a clinical sample: a double-blind, placebo-controlled laboratory study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015 Sep;40(10):2347-56.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4538349/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25801501?tool=bestpractice.com 目前发现,口服纳曲酮可有效减少可卡因使用者吸食可卡因(和烟草)的渴望,但对其口服苯丙胺的渴望无效。[39]Comer SD, Mogali S, Saccone PA, et al. Effects of acute oral naltrexone on the subjective and physiological effects of oral D-amphetamine and smoked cocaine in cocaine abusers. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013 Nov;38(12):2427-38.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3799062/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23736314?tool=bestpractice.com
对兴奋剂使用障碍药物疗法的一项综述发现,联合疗法(其中多包括纳曲酮)与安慰剂相比,可实现更好的效果。[40]Stoops WW, Rush CR. Combination pharmacotherapies for stimulant use disorder: a review of clinical findings and recommendations for future research. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2014 May;7(3):363-74.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017926/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24716825?tool=bestpractice.com