生殖器疣由人乳头瘤病毒 (HPV) 感染引起,HPV 是一种无包膜双链 DNA 病毒。[11]Severson J, Evans TY, Lee P, et al. Human papillomavirus infections: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapy. J Cutan Med Surg. 2001 Jan-Feb;5(1):43-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11281434?tool=bestpractice.com 一旦病毒进入基底上皮细胞,可出现复制性感染和继发增生。[7]Brown TJ, Yen-Moore A, Tyring SK. An overview of sexually transmitted diseases. Part II. Am Acad Dermatol. 1999 Nov;41(5 Pt 1):661-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10534627?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Forcier M, Musacchio N. An overview of human papillomavirus infection for the dermatologist: disease, diagnosis, management, and prevention. Dermatol Ther. 2010 Sep-Oct;23(5):458-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20868401?tool=bestpractice.com
已识别的 HPV 类型有 150 多种,约 40 种可造成生殖器部位感染。[13]Bernard HU, Burk RD, Chen Z, et al. Classification of papillomaviruses (PVs) based on 189 PV types and proposal of taxonomic amendments. Virology. 2010 May 25;401(1):70-9.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682210001005?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20206957?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Doorbar J, Quint W, Banks L, et al. The biology and life-cycle of human papillomaviruses. Vaccine. 2012 Nov 20;30 Suppl 5:F55-70.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X12009735http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23199966?tool=bestpractice.com 这些类型可进一步分成低危型 (6、11、42、43 和 44) 和高危型 (16、18、31、33、35、39、45、52、55、56 和 58)。[6]Beutner KR, Reitano MV, Richwald GA, et al. External genital warts: report of the American Medical Association consensus conference. Clin Infect Dis. 1998 Oct;27(4):796-806.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9798036?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Brown TJ, Yen-Moore A, Tyring SK. An overview of sexually transmitted diseases. Part II. Am Acad Dermatol. 1999 Nov;41(5 Pt 1):661-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10534627?tool=bestpractice.com 高危型和低危型的区别主要是基于发生肛门生殖器癌的相关风险程度不同。[11]Severson J, Evans TY, Lee P, et al. Human papillomavirus infections: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapy. J Cutan Med Surg. 2001 Jan-Feb;5(1):43-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11281434?tool=bestpractice.com 最常引起生殖器疣的 HPV 为 6 和 11 型,这两种类型形成癌变的可能性较低。[8]Cuschieri KS, Cubie HA, Whitley MW, et al. Multiple high risk HPV infections are common in cervical neoplasia and young women in a cervical screening population. J Clin Pathol. 2004 Jan;57(1):68-72.https://jcp.bmj.com/content/57/1/68.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14693839?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Severson J, Evans TY, Lee P, et al. Human papillomavirus infections: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapy. J Cutan Med Surg. 2001 Jan-Feb;5(1):43-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11281434?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Ahmed AM, Madkan V, Tyring SK. Human papillomaviruses and genital disease. Dermatol Clin. 2006 Apr;24(2):157-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16677964?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Meyer T, Arndt R, Christophers E, et al. Association of rare human papillomavirus types with genital premalignant and malignant lesions. J Infect Dis. 1998 Jul;178(1):252-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9652449?tool=bestpractice.com