认识人乳头瘤病毒 (HPV) 感染及其传播方式,有助于纠正行为,从而可能有助于防止疾病传播。节欲可防止传播 HPV。[3]Wiley DJ, Douglas J, Beutner K, et al. External genital warts: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Oct 15;35(Suppl 2):S210-24.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/35/Supplement_2/S210/316436http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12353208?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Henderson Z, Irwin KL, Montaño DE, et al. Anogenital warts knowledge and counseling practices of US clinicians: results from a national survey. Sex Transm Dis. 2007 Sep;34(9):644-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17413682?tool=bestpractice.com 使用避孕套等屏障避孕法也可降低 HPV 传播的风险,但并不是完全有效的。[26]Henderson Z, Irwin KL, Montaño DE, et al. Anogenital warts knowledge and counseling practices of US clinicians: results from a national survey. Sex Transm Dis. 2007 Sep;34(9):644-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17413682?tool=bestpractice.comCDC: condom fact sheet in brief
目前存在 3 种 HPV 疫苗:二价(16 和 18 型);四价(6、11、16 和 18 型)和九价(6、11、16、18、31、33、45、52 和 58 型)。四价和九价疫苗获准用于预防生殖器疣。美国只可提供九价疫苗,9-45 岁的女性和男性均可接种。英国可提供四价疫苗和九价疫苗。疫苗可及性和免疫接种程序因国家/地区而异,医务人员应参考当地指南。
推荐对 11 岁或 12 岁的青少年常规接种 HPV 疫苗,然而该疫苗可以从 9 岁开始接种。[27]Meites E, Kempe A, Markowitz LE. Use of a 2-dose schedule for human papillomavirus vaccination - updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016 Dec 16;65(49):1405-8.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6549a5.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27977643?tool=bestpractice.comCDC: recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger, United States, 2019 9-14 岁的健康青少年应接种 2 剂 HPV 疫苗;应在第一剂后 6-12 个月接种第二剂。[27]Meites E, Kempe A, Markowitz LE. Use of a 2-dose schedule for human papillomavirus vaccination - updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016 Dec 16;65(49):1405-8.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6549a5.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27977643?tool=bestpractice.com 对于在 15 岁生日时或之后开始疫苗接种的人,建议接种 3 剂 HPV 疫苗(接种计划为 0、1-2、6 个月)。[27]Meites E, Kempe A, Markowitz LE. Use of a 2-dose schedule for human papillomavirus vaccination - updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016 Dec 16;65(49):1405-8.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6549a5.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27977643?tool=bestpractice.com
对于年龄≤26 岁的成年女性和≤21 岁的成年男性,应根据初次接种疫苗的年龄接种 2-3 剂 HPV 系列疫苗。CDC: recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger, United States, 2019CDC: recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older, United States 2019 22-26 岁的男性可根据个体临床决策接种疫苗。[28]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Recommended adult immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older: United States - 2019. Feb 2019 [internet publication].https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/downloads/adult/adult-combined-schedule.pdf 对于男男性行为人群、变性者以及患有免疫功能低下疾病的男性和女性(包括 HIV 感染者),如果先前未接种疫苗,推荐在 26 岁之前接种 HPV 疫苗。[29]Yancey AM, Pitlick JM, Forinash AB. The prophylactic role for the human papillomavirus quadrivalent vaccine in males. Ann Pharmacother. 2010 Jul-Aug;44(7-8):1314-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20501891?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015 Jun 5;64(RR-03):1-137. [Erratum in: MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015 Aug 28;64(33):924.]https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6403a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Giuliano AR, Palefsky JM, Goldstone S, et al. Efficacy of quadrivalent HPV vaccine against HPV infection and disease in males. N Engl J Med. 2011 Feb 3;364(5):401-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21288094?tool=bestpractice.com 不推荐妊娠女性接种 HPV 疫苗。[28]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Recommended adult immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older: United States - 2019. Feb 2019 [internet publication].https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/downloads/adult/adult-combined-schedule.pdf
如果患者既往巴氏检测异常或有生殖器疣病史,仍推荐接种 HPV 疫苗。[32]Immunization Expert Work Group, Committee on Adolescent Health Care, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 704: human papillomavirus vaccination. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Jun;129(6):e173-8.https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2017/06000/Committee_Opinion_No__704___Human_Papillomavirus.52.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28346275?tool=bestpractice.com
男性包皮环切术可以预防 HPV 感染,因此可预防男性和女性发生相关疾病。[33]Albero G, Castellsagué X, Giuliano AR, et al. Male circumcision and genital human papillomavirus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis. 2012 Feb;39(2):104-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22249298?tool=bestpractice.com 还需要进一步的研究。
HPV 疫苗的影响
在 HPV 疫苗可进行接种后的 6 年内,与暂未接种疫苗的女性相比,澳大利亚女性(18-24 岁)和性行为活跃的美国女性(14-24 岁)在接种 3 剂和≥1 剂之后的 HPV 6/11/16/18 型感染率分别下降了 86% 和 76%。[34]Garland SM, Kjaer SK, Muñoz N, et al. Impact and effectiveness of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine: a systematic review of 10 years of real-world experience. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Aug 15;63(4):519-27.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/63/4/519/2566619http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27230391?tool=bestpractice.com 与疫苗问世之前的年代相比,未接受疫苗接种女性的 HPV 感染率在疫苗问世之后的年代有所下降,此结果显示了群体免疫作用。[34]Garland SM, Kjaer SK, Muñoz N, et al. Impact and effectiveness of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine: a systematic review of 10 years of real-world experience. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Aug 15;63(4):519-27.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/63/4/519/2566619http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27230391?tool=bestpractice.com
2011 年,在适合接种 HPV 疫苗的年龄<21 岁澳大利亚女性中,生殖器疣患病率下降高达 92.6%(从 2007 年的 11.5% 降至 2011 年的 0.85%)。[35]Mariani L, Vici P, Suligoi B, et al. Early direct and indirect impact of quadrivalent HPV (4HPV) vaccine on genital warts: a systematic review. Adv Ther. 2015 Jan;32(1):10-30.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12325-015-0178-4http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25620536?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Ali H, Donovan B, Wand H, et al. Genital warts in young Australians five years into national human papillomavirus vaccination programme: national surveillance data. BMJ. 2013 Apr 18;346:f2032.https://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f2032.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599298?tool=bestpractice.com 在接种过疫苗、年龄<21 岁的女性中,无人被诊断出生殖器疣。[35]Mariani L, Vici P, Suligoi B, et al. Early direct and indirect impact of quadrivalent HPV (4HPV) vaccine on genital warts: a systematic review. Adv Ther. 2015 Jan;32(1):10-30.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12325-015-0178-4http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25620536?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Ali H, Donovan B, Wand H, et al. Genital warts in young Australians five years into national human papillomavirus vaccination programme: national surveillance data. BMJ. 2013 Apr 18;346:f2032.https://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f2032.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599298?tool=bestpractice.com