对于转移性胃癌患者,化疗与最佳支持治疗相比,可以改善患者的生活质量及生存情况。[56]Glimelius B, Ekström K, Hoffman K, et al. Randomized comparison between chemotherapy plus best supportive care with best supportive care in advanced gastric cancer. Ann Oncol. 1997 Feb;8(2):163-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9093725?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Wagner AD, Syn NL, Moehler M, et al. Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 29;(8):CD004064.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004064.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28850174?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Pyrhönen S, Kuitunen T. Nyandoto P, et al. Randomised comparison of fluorouracil, epidoxorubicin and methotrexate (FEMTX) plus supportive care with supportive care alone in patients with non-resectable gastric cancer. Br J Cancer. 1995 Mar;71(3):587-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7533517?tool=bestpractice.com [
]Does randomized controlled trial evidence support the use of chemotherapy in people with advanced gastric cancer?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1917/full显示答案 转移性胃癌的一线治疗方案包括铂类化合物和氟尿嘧啶的联合使用。此外,通常还会联合使用第三种药物,但不同国家/地区选用的药物不同,例如在欧洲较常用蒽环类药物(例如表柔比星)(ECF 方案=表柔比星、顺铂和氟尿嘧啶);在美国较常用紫杉醇类药物(例如多西他赛)(DCF 方案=多西他赛、顺铂和氟尿嘧啶)。[59]Van Cutsem E, Moiseyenko VM, Tjulandin S, et al. Phase III study of docetaxel and cisplatin plus fluorouracil compared with cisplatin and fluorouracil as first-line therapy for advanced gastric cancer: a report of the V325 Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Nov 1;24(31):4991-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17075117?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Waters JS, Norman A, Cunningham D, et al. Long-term survival after epirubicin, cisplatin and fluorouracil for gastric cancer: results of a randomized trial. Br J Cancer. 1999 Apr;80(1-2):269-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10390007?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Ajani JA, Moiseyenko VM, Tjulandin S, et al. Clinical benefit with docetaxel plus fluorouracil and cisplatin compared with cisplatin and fluorouracil in a phase III trial of advanced gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: the V-325 Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Aug 1;25(22):3205-9.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2006.10.4968http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17664467?tool=bestpractice.com 研究显示,氟尿嘧啶可以用卡培他滨所替代,而顺铂可以用奥沙利铂所替代。[62]Cunningham D, Rao S, Starling T, et al. Randomised multicentre phase III study comparing capecitabine with fluorouracil and oxaliplatin with cisplatin in patients with advanced oesophagogastric (OG) cancer: The REAL 2 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jun 20;24(18 Suppl):LBA4017.http://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.lba4017[63]Al-Batran S, Hartmann JT, Probst S, et al. A randomized phase III trial in patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the stomach receiving first-line chemotherapy with fluorouracil, leucovorin and oxaliplatin (FLO) versus fluorouracil, leucovorin and cisplatin (FLP). J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jun 20;24(18 Suppl):LBA4016.http://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.lba4016 奥沙利铂取代顺铂后其毒副作用将更小。[62]Cunningham D, Rao S, Starling T, et al. Randomised multicentre phase III study comparing capecitabine with fluorouracil and oxaliplatin with cisplatin in patients with advanced oesophagogastric (OG) cancer: The REAL 2 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jun 20;24(18 Suppl):LBA4017.http://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.lba4017[64]Montagnani F, Turrisi G, Marinozzi C, et al. Effectiveness and safety of oxaliplatin compared to cisplatin for advanced, unresectable gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastric Cancer. 2011 Mar;14(1):50-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21340667?tool=bestpractice.com
在 HER2/neu 过表达的肿瘤中,即免疫组化 (IHC) 3+ 或免疫组化 2+ 并且荧光原位杂交 (FISH) 阳性,曲妥珠单抗(一种作用于 HER2/neu 受体的人源化单克隆抗体)应该被添加至有细胞毒性的化疗方案中。 这一联合治疗已经显示出可以增加晚期胃癌患者的总生存时间。[65]Bang YJ, Van CE, Feyereislova A, et al. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010 Aug 28;376(9742):687-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20728210?tool=bestpractice.com
对于经历疾病进展但具有良好表现状态的患者,应考虑替代药物。相对于最佳支持性治疗,单独使用紫杉烷类药物或伊立替康,或两药联合使用,可在一定程度上延长患者的总生存期。[66]Thuss-Patience PC, Kretzschmar A, Bichev D, et al. Survival advantage for irinotecan versus best supportive care as second-line chemotherapy in gastric cancer - a randomised phase III study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO). Eur J Cancer. 2011 Oct;47(15):2306-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21742485?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Kang JH, Lee SI, Lim do H, et al. Salvage chemotherapy for pretreated gastric cancer: a randomized phase III trial comparing chemotherapy plus best supportive care with best supportive care alone. J Clin Oncol. 2012 May 1;30(13):1513-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22412140?tool=bestpractice.com 同样,雷莫芦单抗(ramucirumab)(一种血管内皮生长因子抑制剂)单药治疗已被证明可改善一线铂类或含氟尿嘧啶类化疗后疾病进展的晚期胃癌或食管胃交界部腺癌患者的中位总生存期。[68]Fuchs CS, Tomasek J, Yong CJ, et al; REGARD Trial Investigators. Ramucirumab monotherapy for previously treated advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (REGARD): an international, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2014 Jan 4;383(9911):31-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24094768?tool=bestpractice.com
雷莫芦单抗联合紫杉醇被认为二线治疗。在一项针对转移性胃腺癌患者的临床试验(RAINBOW 试验)中,将雷莫芦单抗添加至每周一次紫杉醇作为二线治疗。与单用紫杉醇相比,联合用药可显著延长无进展生存期和总生存期。[69]Wilke H, Muro K, Van Cutsem E, et al; RAINBOW Study Group. Ramucirumab plus paclitaxel versus placebo plus paclitaxel in patients with previously treated advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (RAINBOW): a double-blind, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014 Oct;15(11):1224-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25240821?tool=bestpractice.com
帕博利珠单抗(Pembrolizumab),一种抗PD1抗体检查点抑制剂,被认为三线治疗。美国和其他一些国家已批准其用于治疗肿瘤表达 PDL-1(综合阳性评分 [CPS]>1)的局部晚期或转移性胃癌患者,以及先前接受二线或多线治疗后(包括含铂类方案和含氟尿嘧啶方案,以及如若适用的 HER2/neu 靶向治疗)疾病发生了进展的患者。该批准基于 KEYNOTE-059 研究结果,在该研究中发现,与预治疗的晚期胃癌患者相比,帕博利珠单抗(pembrolizumab)与安慰剂相比,提高了反应率。[70]Fuchs CS, Doi T, Jang RW, et al. KEYNOTE-059 cohort 1: efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab (pembro) monotherapy in patients with previously treated advanced gastric cancer [abstract]. J Clin Oncol. 2017 May 20;35(15 Suppl):4003.http://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2017.35.15_suppl.4003
Trifluridine/tipiracil 同样被认为三线治疗。它被美国食品和药物管理局批准用于已经接受了至少两种先前化疗方案,并且经历了放射影像学疾病进展,不可切除的转移性胃腺癌患者。该批准基于双盲、安慰剂对照的3期试验(TAGS试验)的结果,该试验报告显示被随机分配到 trifluridine/tipiracil治疗组,不可切除的转移性胃腺癌患者中位总生存期得到显著改善(安慰剂组为5.7 vs 3.6个月;风险比:0.69,95%可信区间:0.56-0.85)。[32]Shitara K, Doi T, Dvorkin M, et al. Trifluridine/tipiracil versus placebo in patients with heavily pretreated metastatic gastric cancer (TAGS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Oct 21;19(11):1437-48.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30355453?tool=bestpractice.com Trifluridine/tipiracil 同时与无进展生存期的延长呈现相关性。Trifluridine/tipiracil 组中最常报道的3级(严重但不危及生命),或更严重的不良事件是中性粒细胞减少(114 [34%])、贫血(64 [19%]),和白细胞减少(31 [9%])。该适应症的预注册于2018年10月在欧盟提交,目前正在等待批准。