高血压全球患病率约 26%,现有患者约 10 亿。[1]Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, et al. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2005;365:217-223.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15652604?tool=bestpractice.com上述人群中的 1% 至 2% 在其有生之年将发生高血压危象。[2]McRae RP Jr, Liebson PR. Hypertensive crisis. Med Clin North Am. 1986;70:749-767.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3520183?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Martin JF, Higashiama E, Garcia E, et al. Hypertensive crisis profile. Prevalence and clinical presentation. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004;83:131-136.http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0066-782X2004001400004&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=enhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15322655?tool=bestpractice.com
男性可能比女性更易发生高血压急症。高血压急症更常见于老年患者及黑人。[4]Hyman DJ, Pavlik VN. Characteristics of patients with uncontrolled hypertension in the United States [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2002;346:544]. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:479-486.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/345/7/479http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11519501?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Bennett NM, Shea S. Hypertensive emergency: case criteria, sociodemographic profile, and previous care of 100 cases. Am J Public Health. 1988;78:636-640.http://www.ajph.org/cgi/reprint/78/6/636http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3369591?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Zampaglione B, Pascale C, Marchisio M, et al. Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies: prevalence and clinical presentation. Hypertension. 1996;27:144-147.http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/1/144http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8591878?tool=bestpractice.com
约 30% 的美国人患有高血压,[7]Hajjar I, Kotchen TA. Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the United States, 1988-2000. JAMA. 2003;290:199-200.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/290/2/199http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12851274?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Ong KL, Cheung BM, Man YB, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among United States adults 1999-2004. Hypertension. 2007;49:69-75.http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/49/1/69http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17159087?tool=bestpractice.com缺乏保险或初级保健医生、治疗依从性差均是高血压急症的危险因素。[9]Tisdale JE, Huang MB, Borzak S, et al. Risk factors for hypertensive crisis: importance of out-patient blood pressure control. Fam Pract. 2004;21:420-424.http://fampra.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/4/420http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15249531?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Shea S, Misra D, Ehrlich MH, et al. Predisposing factors for severe, uncontrolled hypertension in an inner-city minority population. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:776-781.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1501654?tool=bestpractice.com
鉴于全球老龄化趋势加速,高血压患病率升高,因此高血压急症的增加是可以预见的。[1]Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, et al. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2005;365:217-223.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15652604?tool=bestpractice.com