VT/VF、急性心肌缺血是细胞内和细胞外多种成分浓度改变的结果(如:pH值、电解质和ATP)。反过来,这些变化是致病性搏动形成和心律失常传播的基础。[16]Cascio WE, Johnson TA, Gettes LS. Electrophysiologic changes in ischemic ventricular myocardium: I; Influence of ionic, metabolic, and energetic changes. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1995;6:1039-1062.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8589873?tool=bestpractice.com有心肌瘢痕的患者,心律失常的机制是纤维化区域中的残存肌原纤维形成的折返环路。[17]De Bakker JM, Coronel R, Tasseron S, et al. Ventricular tachycardia in the infarcted, Langendorff-perfused human heart: role of the arrangement of surviving cardiac fibers. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;15:1594-1607.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2345240?tool=bestpractice.com关于非缺血性扩张型心肌病的研究显示,心律失常的机制并非折返,而是由延长动作电位的持续时间的早期或晚期后去极化启动的VT/VF,而反过来这又是由于各种离子通道的功能改变引起的。[18]Pogwizd SM, McKenzie JP, Cain ME. Mechanisms underlying spontaneous and induced ventricular arrhythmias in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1998;98:2404-2414.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9832485?tool=bestpractice.com
VT/VF的另一个原因是先天性长QT综合征(LQTS)——一种遗传病。该疾病的不同亚型中出现了多种离子通道突变,但是最终的原因是复极化和去极化障碍造成动作电位持续时间延长即表现为QT间期延长。[19]Nader A, Massumi A, Cheng J, et al. Inherited arrhythmic disorders: long QT and Brugada syndromes. Tex Heart Inst J. 2007;34:67-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1847921/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17420796?tool=bestpractice.com虽然对每种变异亚型具体的触发点各不相同,这些患者发生交感神经活动急剧上升时会经常出现症状。[17]De Bakker JM, Coronel R, Tasseron S, et al. Ventricular tachycardia in the infarcted, Langendorff-perfused human heart: role of the arrangement of surviving cardiac fibers. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;15:1594-1607.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2345240?tool=bestpractice.com药物引起的获得性LQTS也能造成离子通道的改变导致去极化/复极化的问题,而且可能揭示其他LQTS相关的沉默突变。[20]el-Sherif N, Turitto G. The long QT syndrome and torsade de pointes. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1999;22:91-110.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9990606?tool=bestpractice.com会引起这些问题的药物包括IA类和III类抗心律失常药、大环内酯抗生素、喷他脒、抗疟药、抗精神病药、三氧化二砷和美沙酮。[21]Gupta A, Lawrence AT, Krishnan K, et al. Current concepts in the mechanisms and management of drug-induced QT prolongation and torsarde de points. Am Heart J. 2007;153:891-899http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17540188?tool=bestpractice.com
无脉性电活动 (PEA) 定义为心肌存在组织心电去极化,但没有适当的心肌收缩功能,因此循环不充足。其机制是即使有电刺激但是缺乏收缩力,可能是由于前负荷减低、后负荷增加或心肌内部改变(如:缺血和离子浓度改变)影响收缩力。[22]Myerburg RJ, Halperin H, Egan DA, et al. Pulseless electric activity: definition, causes, mechanisms, management, and research priorities for the next decade: report from a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop. Circulation. 2013;128:2532-2541.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/23/2532.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24297818?tool=bestpractice.com