心脏骤停治疗的主要目的是恢复循环。[46]Husselbee N, Davies RP, Perkins GD. Advanced life support update. Br Med Bull. 2009;89:79-91.http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/89/1/79http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19179342?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Desbiens NA. Simplifying the diagnosis and management of pulseless electrical activity in adults: a qualitative review. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:391-396.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216597?tool=bestpractice.com国际复苏联络委员会制定的基础(BLS)和高级心脏生命支持(ACLS)程序提供了一套突发心脏骤停的系统治疗措施。[48]Travers AH, Perkins GD, Berg RA, et al; Basic Life Support Chapter Collaborators. Part 3: adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation. 2015;132(suppl 1):S51-S83.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/16_suppl_1/S51.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472859?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Callaway CW, Soar J, Aibiki M, et al; Advanced Life Support Chapter Collaborators. Part 4: advanced life support: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation. 2015;132(suppl 1):S84-S145.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/16_suppl_1/S84.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472860?tool=bestpractice.com根据当时的心脏节律和心脏骤停的原因,治疗方法略有不同,但都关注稳定患者的呼吸状况、解决气道管理的需要,并为纠正不稳定节律及治疗心脏骤停根本原因而提供药品和其他拯救生命的治疗。
心脏骤停紧急医疗服务启动后,第一个步骤是BLS,提供按压(优先)、评价气道、并给予人工呼吸。国际复苏联络委员会 (ILCOR) 为成人建议的这种 C-A-B 优先顺序是对指南中之前教授的 A-B-C 优先顺序的更改,旨在强调提供及时胸外按压的重要性。[48]Travers AH, Perkins GD, Berg RA, et al; Basic Life Support Chapter Collaborators. Part 3: adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation. 2015;132(suppl 1):S51-S83.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/16_suppl_1/S51.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472859?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Rea TD, Fahrenbruch C, Culley L, et al. CPR with chest compression alone or with rescue breathing. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:423-433.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818863?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Svensson L, Bohm K, Castrèn M, et al. Compression-only CPR or standard CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:434-442.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818864?tool=bestpractice.com(但是,一些其他指南的建议有所不同,继续建议 A-B-C 方法 [ 欧洲委员会 ] 或在这两种方法中进行选择。[52]Hazinski MF, Nolan JP, Aickin R, et al. Part 1: Executive Summary: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2015;132(16 Suppl 1):S2-39.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/16_suppl_1/S2.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472854?tool=bestpractice.com)需要进一步进行治疗的患者由培训过的人给予ACLS。[49]Callaway CW, Soar J, Aibiki M, et al; Advanced Life Support Chapter Collaborators. Part 4: advanced life support: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation. 2015;132(suppl 1):S84-S145.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/16_suppl_1/S84.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472860?tool=bestpractice.com
ACLS进行的任何一个时间点心脏节律都有可能从室性心动过速(VT)/心室颤动(VF)转为无脉性电活动(PEA)/心跳停搏,反之亦然。这时,应该实施针对新节律适当的ACLS。
可电击复律节律(VT和VF)
发生无脉性VT/VF时,最初的管理为如上所述的BLS(CAB方法)。早期在院外由旁观者进行CPR增加了心脏骤停后的生存率。[53]Gallagher EJ, Lombardi G, Gennis P. Effectiveness of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 1995;274:1922-1925.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8568985?tool=bestpractice.com不幸的是,有研究显示不足三分之一的心脏骤停患者可以得到CPR,可能是由于旁观者担心口对口人工呼吸会导致感染传染疾病。[54]Wenzel V, Idris AH, Dorges V, et al. The respiratory system during resuscitation: a review of the history, risk of infection during assisted ventilation, respiratory mechanics, and ventilation strategies for patients with an unprotected airway. Resuscitation. 2001;49:123-134.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11382517?tool=bestpractice.com生存至出院:低质量证据表明,虽然心肺复苏(包括按压和/或通气)是院外心跳呼吸骤停的一项重要干预措施,但是对于院外发生心脏骤停的儿童,在改善出院生存率方面,旁观者复苏可能不如无旁观者复苏有效。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。但是研究表明,由旁观者对院外突发心脏骤停者仅实施心脏复苏,即便不会更好,但也与挽救生命的治疗同样有效。[48]Travers AH, Perkins GD, Berg RA, et al; Basic Life Support Chapter Collaborators. Part 3: adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation. 2015;132(suppl 1):S51-S83.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/16_suppl_1/S51.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472859?tool=bestpractice.com[55]SOS-KANTO study group. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders with chest compression only (SOS-KANTO): an observational study. Lancet. 2007;369:920-926.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17368153?tool=bestpractice.com
如果未恢复循环,应进行 1 次电击(双相 120-200 J,单相 360 J),然后进行 5 个心肺复苏 (CPR) 循环。[49]Callaway CW, Soar J, Aibiki M, et al; Advanced Life Support Chapter Collaborators. Part 4: advanced life support: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation. 2015;132(suppl 1):S84-S145.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/16_suppl_1/S84.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472860?tool=bestpractice.com再次评估节律,如果患者仍然处于 VT/VF,应再进行一次更高能量的电击,并给予肾上腺素(或给予血管加压素,用于已使用血管加压素的情况),然后进行 5 个 CPR 循环。[49]Callaway CW, Soar J, Aibiki M, et al; Advanced Life Support Chapter Collaborators. Part 4: advanced life support: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation. 2015;132(suppl 1):S84-S145.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/16_suppl_1/S84.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472860?tool=bestpractice.com如果节律仍然是VT/VF,再进行一次电击同时给予胺碘酮或利多卡因,继续进行5个CPR循环。如果患者仍然处于可电击复律节律,在肾上腺素/血管加压素给药阶段重新开始该程序。这个过程重复进行直到循环恢复或者放弃复苏。
应当提到的是发现骤停时应尽快进行电除颤,不一定在5个CPR循环后。[56]Link MS, Atkins DL, Passman RS, et al. Part 6: electrical therapies: automated external defibrillators, defibrillation, cardioversion, and pacing: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2010;122(18 suppl 3):S706-S719.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/122/18_suppl_3/S706.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20956222?tool=bestpractice.com由于及时除颤的重要性,由非专业救援人员使用自动体外除颤器进行的“公众除颤”已经获得了青睐,被认为可提高心脏骤停患者存活出院率。[57]The Public Access Defibrillation Trial Investigators. Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:637-646.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/351/7/637http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15306665?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Sanna T, La Torre G, de Waure C, et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation alone vs. cardiopulmonary resuscitation plus automated external defibrillator use by non-healthcare professionals: a meta-analysis on 1583 cases of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2008;76:226-232.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17875357?tool=bestpractice.com
对因尖端扭转发生突发心脏骤停的患者给予镁剂可以恢复灌注心律。[59]Tzivoni D, Banai S, Schuger C, et al. Treatment of torsade de pointes with magnesium sulfate. Circulation.1988; 77:392-397.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3338130?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Reis AG, Ferreira de Paiva E, Schvartsman C, et al. Magnesium in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: critical review. Resuscitation. 2008;77:21-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18037222?tool=bestpractice.com
非可电击复律节律(PEA和心跳停搏)
发生PEA和心跳停搏时,最初的管理为如上所述的BLS(CAB方法)。如果 5 次 CPR 循环未能产生循环节律,则给予肾上腺素(或给予血管加压素,用于已使用血管加压素的情况)。[49]Callaway CW, Soar J, Aibiki M, et al; Advanced Life Support Chapter Collaborators. Part 4: advanced life support: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation. 2015;132(suppl 1):S84-S145.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/16_suppl_1/S84.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472860?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Sillberg VA, Perry JJ, Stiell IG, et al. Is the combination of vasopressin and epinephrine superior to repeated doses of epinephrine alone in the treatment of cardiac arrest-a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2008;79:380-386.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18951676?tool=bestpractice.com在心搏停止或低频率无脉电活动 (PEA) 情况下可给予阿托品。继续 CPR 和给药循环,直至达到灌注节律或终止复苏时。另外,可以对可逆原因进行经验治疗,如:碳酸氢钙治疗肾衰竭患者存在的高钾血症。无证据建议对心跳停搏的患者应该使用经皮起搏。[62]Sherbino J, Verbeek PR, MacDonald RD, et al. Prehospital transcutaneous cardiac pacing for symptomatic bradycardia or bradyasystolic cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2006;70:193-200.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16814446?tool=bestpractice.com
复苏后护理
复苏后护理应立即进行。这包括持续监控、器官支持、纠正电解质紊乱及酸中毒并安全转移到重症监护环境。应彻底寻找潜在病因,纠正或处理心脏骤停的危险因素。如果不能最大限度地做到这些,将导致心脏恢复功能而大脑受损。
缺氧性脑损伤是突发心脏骤停一个常见并发症。多个低温治疗研究(TH,降低身体核心体温至32-34℃(89.6-93.2 ℉))显示可以改善神经功能。系统性综述证实低温治疗方案可改善心脏骤停复苏后生存和神经系统预后,没有显著增加不良事件的发生率。[63]Arrich J, Holzer M, Havel C, et al. Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(9):CD004128.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004128.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972067?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Cheung KW, Green RS, Magee KD. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of therapeutic hypothermia as a neuroprotectant in post cardiac arrest patients. CJEM. 2006;8:329-337.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17338844?tool=bestpractice.com虽然这些 meta 分析受到所纳入 VT/VF 停搏患者研究的限制,但近期一项仅纳入非可电击复律停搏患者的综合分析表明,TH 低温治疗在死亡率和神经系统结局方面有类似益处。[65]Kim YM, Yim HW, Jeong SH, et al. Does therapeutic hypothermia benefit adult cardiac arrest patients presenting with non-shockable initial rhythms? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized studies. Resuscitation. 2012;83:188-196.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835145?tool=bestpractice.com同时TH的多数研究促使在医院设置TH,更多院外紧急施行TH诱导治疗的前期工作实例证明了TH的安全性和可行性。[66]Cabanas JG, Brice JH, De Maio VJ, et al. Field-induced therapeutic hypothermia for neuroprotection after out-of hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review of the literature. J Emerg Med. 2011;40:400-409.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20850254?tool=bestpractice.com有必要进一步研究,与院内TH诱导的效果进行比较。
长期管理主要是预防复发。患者应该戒除有毒物质。在心脏骤停的二级预防中采用植入式心脏除颤器(ICD)抗心律失常治疗与药物治疗比较能显著降低病死率。[67]Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators. A comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1576-1584.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199711273372202#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9411221?tool=bestpractice.com
终止复苏
当治疗的患者循环不及时恢复,终止复苏是一个具有挑战性的伦理问题。
依据下列参数进行终止复苏措施可以是合法的:[68]Bailey ED, Wydro GC, Cone DC. Termination of resuscitation in the prehospital setting for adult patients suffering nontraumatic cardiac arrest. National Association of EMS Physicians Standards and Clinical Practice Committee. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2000;4:190-195.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782611?tool=bestpractice.com
未及时发现心脏骤停的延迟CPR
ACLS指南指导治疗20分钟仍不能复苏成功
患者曾签署不复苏治疗文件
有威胁急救实施者安全的情况。