心脏骤停

Wollard M. Public access defibrillation: a shocking idea? J Public Health Med. 2001;23:98-102.

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Böttiger BW, Grabner C, Bauer H, et al. Long term outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with physician staffed emergency medical services: the Utstein style applied to a midsized urban/sub-urban area. Heart. 1999;82:674-679.

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Skogvoll E, Sangolt GK, Isern E, et al. Out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a population based Norwegian study of incidence and survival. Eur J Emerg Med. 1999;6:323-330.

Kuisma M, Määttä T. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Helsinki: Utstein style reporting. Heart. 1996;76:18-23.

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Nadkarni VM, Larkin GL, Peberdy MA, et al; for the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Investigators. First documented rhythm and clinical outcome from in-hospital cardiac arrest among children and adults. JAMA. 2006;295:50-57.

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Steinmetz J, Barnung S, Nielsen SL, et al. Improved survival after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using new guidelines. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008;52:908-913.

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Kloeck WG. A practical approach to the aetiology of pulseless electrical activity; A simple 10-step training mnemonic. Resuscitation. 1995;30:157-159.

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Sauer AJ, Moss AJ, McNitt S, et al. Long QT syndrome in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:329-337.

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Escobedo LG, Caspersen CJ. Risk factors for sudden coronary death in the United States. Epidemiology. 1997;8:175-180.

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Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: executive summary. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1064-1108.

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Husselbee N, Davies RP, Perkins GD. Advanced life support update. Br Med Bull. 2009;89:79-91.

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Travers AH, Perkins GD, Berg RA, et al; Basic Life Support Chapter Collaborators. Part 3: adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation. 2015;132(suppl 1):S51-S83.

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Callaway CW, Soar J, Aibiki M, et al; Advanced Life Support Chapter Collaborators. Part 4: advanced life support: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation. 2015;132(suppl 1):S84-S145.

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Hazinski MF, Nolan JP, Aickin R, et al. Part 1: Executive Summary: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2015;132(16 Suppl 1):S2-39.

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Link MS, Atkins DL, Passman RS, et al. Part 6: electrical therapies: automated external defibrillators, defibrillation, cardioversion, and pacing: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2010;122(18 suppl 3):S706-S719.

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Kim YM, Yim HW, Jeong SH, et al. Does therapeutic hypothermia benefit adult cardiac arrest patients presenting with non-shockable initial rhythms? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized studies. Resuscitation. 2012;83:188-196.

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Bailey ED, Wydro GC, Cone DC. Termination of resuscitation in the prehospital setting for adult patients suffering nontraumatic cardiac arrest. National Association of EMS Physicians Standards and Clinical Practice Committee. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2000;4:190-195.

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Booth CM, Boone RH, Tomlinson G, Detsky AS. Is this patient dead, vegetative, or severely neurologically impaired? Assessing outcome for comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2004;291:870-879.

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1.  American Heart Association. 2005 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 7.2: management of cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2005;112(suppl):IV-58-IV-66.

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2.  Zheng ZJ, Croft JB, Giles WH, et al. Sudden cardiac death in the United States, 1989 to 1998. Circulation. 2001;104:2158-2163.

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3.  Wollard M. Public access defibrillation: a shocking idea? J Public Health Med. 2001;23:98-102.

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4.  Böttiger BW, Grabner C, Bauer H, et al. Long term outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with physician staffed emergency medical services: the Utstein style applied to a midsized urban/sub-urban area. Heart. 1999;82:674-679.

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5.  Skogvoll E, Sangolt GK, Isern E, et al. Out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a population based Norwegian study of incidence and survival. Eur J Emerg Med. 1999;6:323-330.

6.  Kuisma M, Määttä T. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Helsinki: Utstein style reporting. Heart. 1996;76:18-23.

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7.  Rea TD, Eisenberg MS, Sinibaldi G, et al. Incidence of EMS-treated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States. Resuscitation. 2004;63:17-24.

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8.  Nadkarni VM, Larkin GL, Peberdy MA, et al; for the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Investigators. First documented rhythm and clinical outcome from in-hospital cardiac arrest among children and adults. JAMA. 2006;295:50-57.

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9.  Steinmetz J, Barnung S, Nielsen SL, et al. Improved survival after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using new guidelines. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008;52:908-913.

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10.  Bayes de Luna A, Coumel P, Leclercq JF. Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on the basis of data from 157 cases. Am Heart J. 1989;117:151-159.

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11.  Narang R, Cleland JG, Erhardt L,et al. Mode of death in chronic heart failure: a request and proposition for more accurate classification. Eur Heart J. 1996;17:1390-1403.

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12.  Khan IA. Long QT syndrome: diagnosis and management. Am Heart J. 2002;143:7-14.

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13.  Li H, Fuentes-Garcia J, Towbin JA. Current concepts in long QT syndrome. Pediatr Cardiol. 2000;21:542-550.

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14.  Calinas-Correia J. Recalling the causes of pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Resuscitation. 2000;43:221-2.

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15.  Kloeck WG. A practical approach to the aetiology of pulseless electrical activity; A simple 10-step training mnemonic. Resuscitation. 1995;30:157-159.

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16.  Cascio WE, Johnson TA, Gettes LS. Electrophysiologic changes in ischemic ventricular myocardium: I; Influence of ionic, metabolic, and energetic changes. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1995;6:1039-1062.

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17.  De Bakker JM, Coronel R, Tasseron S, et al. Ventricular tachycardia in the infarcted, Langendorff-perfused human heart: role of the arrangement of surviving cardiac fibers. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;15:1594-1607.

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18.  Pogwizd SM, McKenzie JP, Cain ME. Mechanisms underlying spontaneous and induced ventricular arrhythmias in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1998;98:2404-2414.

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19.  Nader A, Massumi A, Cheng J, et al. Inherited arrhythmic disorders: long QT and Brugada syndromes. Tex Heart Inst J. 2007;34:67-75.

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20.  el-Sherif N, Turitto G. The long QT syndrome and torsade de pointes. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1999;22:91-110.

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21.  Gupta A, Lawrence AT, Krishnan K, et al. Current concepts in the mechanisms and management of drug-induced QT prolongation and torsarde de points. Am Heart J. 2007;153:891-899

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22.  Myerburg RJ, Halperin H, Egan DA, et al. Pulseless electric activity: definition, causes, mechanisms, management, and research priorities for the next decade: report from a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop. Circulation. 2013;128:2532-2541.

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23.  Huikuri HV, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ. Sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmias. New Engl J Med 2001;345:1473-1482.

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24.  Stevenson WG, Stevenson LW, Middlekauff HR, et al. Sudden death prevention in patients with advanced ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 1993;88:2953-2961.

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25.  Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:225-237.

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26.  Elliott P, McKenna WJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 2004;363:1881-1891.

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27.  Maron BJ, Shirani J, Poliac LC, et al. Sudden death in young competitive athletes. Clinical, demographic, and pathological profiles. JAMA. 1996;276:199-204.

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28.  Dalal D, Nasir K, Bomma C, et al. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: a United States experience. Circulation. 2005;112:3823-3832.

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29.  Schwartz PJ, Periti M, Malliani A. The long Q-T syndrome. Am Heart J. 1975;89:378-390.

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30.  Sauer AJ, Moss AJ, McNitt S, et al. Long QT syndrome in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:329-337.

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31.  Brugada P, Brugada J. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: a distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:1391-1396.

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32.  Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Borggrefe M, et al. Brugada syndrome: report of the second consensus conference: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the European Heart Rhythm Association. Circulation. 2005;111:659-670.

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33.  Escobedo LG, Caspersen CJ. Risk factors for sudden coronary death in the United States. Epidemiology. 1997;8:175-180.

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34.  Katz A, Grosbard A. Does it all go up in smoke? Cigarette smoking and tachyarrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17:937-939.

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35.  Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:877-883.

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36.  Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: executive summary. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1064-1108.

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37.  Jauregui-Garrido B, Jauregui-Lobera I. Sudden death in eating disorders. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2012;8:91-98.

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38.  Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Rhee KH, et al. Myocardial dysfunction after resuscitation from cardiac arrest: an example of global myocardial stunning. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28:232-240.

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39.  Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction - executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to revise the 1999 guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004,44:671-719.

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40.  Larsen JM, Ravkilde J. Acute coronary angiography in patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2012;83:1427-1433.

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41.  Wever EF, Robles de Medina EO. Sudden death in patients without structural heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1137-1144.

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42.  Viskin S, Belhassen B. Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Am Heart J. 1990;120:661-671.

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43.  Salerno DM, Asinger RW, Elsperger J, et al. Frequency of hypokalemia after successfully resuscitated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest compared with that in transmural acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1987;59:84-88.

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44.  Behr E, Wood DA, Wright M, et al. Cardiological assessment of first-degree relatives in sudden arrhythmic death syndrome. Lancet. 2003; 362:1457-1459.

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45.  Tan HL, Hofman N, van Langen IM, et al. Sudden unexplained death: heritability and diagnostic yield of cardiological and genetic examination in surviving relatives. Circulation. 2005; 112:207-213.

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46.  Husselbee N, Davies RP, Perkins GD. Advanced life support update. Br Med Bull. 2009;89:79-91.

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47.  Desbiens NA. Simplifying the diagnosis and management of pulseless electrical activity in adults: a qualitative review. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:391-396.

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48.  Travers AH, Perkins GD, Berg RA, et al; Basic Life Support Chapter Collaborators. Part 3: adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation. 2015;132(suppl 1):S51-S83.

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49.  Callaway CW, Soar J, Aibiki M, et al; Advanced Life Support Chapter Collaborators. Part 4: advanced life support: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation. 2015;132(suppl 1):S84-S145.

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50.  Rea TD, Fahrenbruch C, Culley L, et al. CPR with chest compression alone or with rescue breathing. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:423-433.

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51.  Svensson L, Bohm K, Castrèn M, et al. Compression-only CPR or standard CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:434-442.

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52.  Hazinski MF, Nolan JP, Aickin R, et al. Part 1: Executive Summary: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2015;132(16 Suppl 1):S2-39.

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53.  Gallagher EJ, Lombardi G, Gennis P. Effectiveness of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 1995;274:1922-1925.

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54.  Wenzel V, Idris AH, Dorges V, et al. The respiratory system during resuscitation: a review of the history, risk of infection during assisted ventilation, respiratory mechanics, and ventilation strategies for patients with an unprotected airway. Resuscitation. 2001;49:123-134.

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55.  SOS-KANTO study group. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders with chest compression only (SOS-KANTO): an observational study. Lancet. 2007;369:920-926.

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56.  Link MS, Atkins DL, Passman RS, et al. Part 6: electrical therapies: automated external defibrillators, defibrillation, cardioversion, and pacing: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2010;122(18 suppl 3):S706-S719.

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57.  The Public Access Defibrillation Trial Investigators. Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:637-646.

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58.  Sanna T, La Torre G, de Waure C, et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation alone vs. cardiopulmonary resuscitation plus automated external defibrillator use by non-healthcare professionals: a meta-analysis on 1583 cases of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2008;76:226-232.

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59.  Tzivoni D, Banai S, Schuger C, et al. Treatment of torsade de pointes with magnesium sulfate. Circulation.1988; 77:392-397.

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60.  Reis AG, Ferreira de Paiva E, Schvartsman C, et al. Magnesium in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: critical review. Resuscitation. 2008;77:21-25.

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61.  Sillberg VA, Perry JJ, Stiell IG, et al. Is the combination of vasopressin and epinephrine superior to repeated doses of epinephrine alone in the treatment of cardiac arrest-a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2008;79:380-386.

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62.  Sherbino J, Verbeek PR, MacDonald RD, et al. Prehospital transcutaneous cardiac pacing for symptomatic bradycardia or bradyasystolic cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2006;70:193-200.

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63.  Arrich J, Holzer M, Havel C, et al. Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(9):CD004128.

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64.  Cheung KW, Green RS, Magee KD. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of therapeutic hypothermia as a neuroprotectant in post cardiac arrest patients. CJEM. 2006;8:329-337.

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65.  Kim YM, Yim HW, Jeong SH, et al. Does therapeutic hypothermia benefit adult cardiac arrest patients presenting with non-shockable initial rhythms? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized studies. Resuscitation. 2012;83:188-196.

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66.  Cabanas JG, Brice JH, De Maio VJ, et al. Field-induced therapeutic hypothermia for neuroprotection after out-of hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review of the literature. J Emerg Med. 2011;40:400-409.

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67.  Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators. A comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1576-1584.

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68.  Bailey ED, Wydro GC, Cone DC. Termination of resuscitation in the prehospital setting for adult patients suffering nontraumatic cardiac arrest. National Association of EMS Physicians Standards and Clinical Practice Committee. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2000;4:190-195.

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69.  Guerci AD, Weisfeldt ML. Mechanical-ventilatory cardiac support. Crit Care Clin. 1986;2:209-220.

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70.  Larsen MP, Eisenberg MS, Cummins RO, et al. Predicting survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a graphic model. Ann Emerg Med. 1993; 22:1652-1658.

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71.  Wik L, Hansen TB, Fylling F, et al. Delaying defibrillation to give basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation to patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;289:1389-1395.

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72.  Kudenchuk PJ, Cobb LA, Copass MK, et al. Amiodarone for resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:871-878.

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73.  Dorian P, Cass D, Schwartz B, et al. Amiodarone as compared with lidocaine for shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346:884-890.

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74.  Stueven HA, Tonsfeldt DJ, Thompson BM, et al. Atropine in asystole: human studies. Ann Emerg Med. 1984;13:815-817.

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75.  Coon GA, Clinton JE, Ruiz E. Use of atropine for brady-asystolic prehospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 1981;10:462-467.

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76.  Arrich J, Holzer M, Herkner H, et al. Cochrane corner: hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:1239.

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77.  de Vos R, Koster RW, De Haan RJ, et al. In-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: prearrest morbidity and outcome. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:845-850.

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78.  Booth CM, Boone RH, Tomlinson G, Detsky AS. Is this patient dead, vegetative, or severely neurologically impaired? Assessing outcome for comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2004;291:870-879.

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79.  Rea TD, Eisenberg MS, Becker LJ, et al. Temporal trends in sudden cardiac arrest: a 25-year emergency medical services perspective. Circulation. 2003;107:2780-2785.

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80.  van Walraven C, Forster AJ, Parish DC, et al. Validation of a clinical decision aid to discontinue in-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitations. JAMA. 2001;285:1602-1606.

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81.  Hoke RS, Chamberlain D. Skeletal chest injuries secondary to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2004;63:327-338.

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82.  Berek K, Jeschow M, Aichner F. The prognostication of cerebral hypoxia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in adults. Eur Neurol. 1997; 37:135-145.

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83.  Richmond TS. Cerebral resuscitation after global brain ischemia: linking research to practice. AACN Clin Issues. 1997;8:171-181.

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84.  Cheung KW, Green RS, Magee KD. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of therapeutic hypothermia as a neuroprotectant in post cardiac arrest patients. CJEM. 2006;8:329-337.

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85.  Strassburg CP. Gastrointestinal disorders of the critically ill. Shock liver. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2003;17:369-381.

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86.  Rosser BG, Gores GJ. Liver cell necrosis: cellular mechanisms and clinical implications. Gastroenterology. 1995;108:252-275.

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87.  Bonventre JV. Mechanisms of ischemic acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 1993;43:1160-1178.

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88.  Molitoris BA, Sutton TA. Endothelial injury and dysfunction: Role in the extension phase of acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 2004;66:496-499.

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89.  Schaffer WA, Cobb LA. Recurrent ventricular fibrillation and modes of death in survivors of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 1975;293:259-262.

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90.  Zipes DP, Wellens HJ. Sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 1998; 98; 2334-2351.

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