新发房颤治疗的 3 个要素是:[2]January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e1-e76.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1854231http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24685669?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Kanji S, Stewart R, Fergusson DA, et al. Treatment of new-onset atrial fibrillation in noncardiac intensive care unit patients: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:1620-1624.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18434899?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Okcun B, Yigit Z, Yildiz A, et al. What should be the primary treatment in atrial fibrillation: ventricular rate control or sinus rhythm control with long-term anticoagulation? J Int Med Res. 2009;37:464-471.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19383241?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1139-1151 (erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1877).http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0905561#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19717844?tool=bestpractice.com
控制心室率
恢复和维持窦性心律
预防血栓栓塞事件。
新发心房颤动的管理取决于其临床表现的性质,因此应对所需治疗的紧急程度进行评估。大多数新发心房颤动病例会自行恢复为窦性心律,但仍需要通过药物,例如 β 受体阻滞剂、钙通道阻滞剂和偶尔使用的地高辛,充分控制心室率。自行恢复的病例通常发生在发病的最初 24 小时内。[4]Prystowsky EN, Benson DW Jr, Fuster V, et al. Management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Subcommittee on Electrocardiography and Electrophysiology, American Heart Association. Circulation. 1996 Mar 15;93(6):1262-77.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/93/6/1262.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8653857?tool=bestpractice.com 可能需要对无法自行恢复的患者进行直流电复律或者药物复律。根据心房颤动的进一步危险因素,患者可能需要多种抗心律失常药物的治疗,以预防心房颤动。在提供的抗心律失常药物中,决奈达隆是一种多通道阻滞剂,可抑制钠、钾和钙通道,并具有与索他洛尔、普罗帕酮和氟卡尼相似的非竞争性抗肾上腺素活性,在维持窦性心律方面的疗效低于胺碘酮。[37]Singh BN, Connolly SJ, Crijns HJ, et al; EURIDIS and ADONIS Investigators. Dronedarone for maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation or flutter. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:987-999.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa054686#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17804843?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Le Heuzey JY, De Ferrari GM, Radzik D, et al. A short-term, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dronedarone versus amiodarone in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: the DIONYSOS study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010;21:597-605.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20384650?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Hohnloser SH, Crijns HJ, van Eickels M, et al. Effect of dronedarone on cardiovascular events in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:668-678 (erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2487).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19213680?tool=bestpractice.com[40]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dronedarone for the treatment of non-permanent atrial fibrillation. August 2010. http://www.nice.org.uk (last accessed 8 January 2016).http://guidance.nice.org.uk/ta197 新发房颤可能是阵发性房颤的首发症状,在复律前必须采用经食管超声心动图 (TOE) 检查来排除左心房血栓。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 经食管超声心动图显示左心耳血栓。LA=左心房;LAA=左心耳;LV=左心室。图片由 Dr Bharat Kantharia 提供 [Citation ends].
在复律前、复律中和复律后,许多患者需要通过抗凝治疗来预防血栓栓塞事件。由于华法林需要几天时间才能产生治疗效果,因此对于已接受华法林治疗的新发房颤患者,在其等待心脏复律和在接受长期抗凝治疗评估时,可通过静脉注射肝素(活化部分凝血活酶时间 [aPTT] 为 45-60 秒)或皮下注射低分子量肝素进行治疗。
几种直接口服抗凝药 (DOAC) 被批准用于非瓣膜性房颤患者卒中的预防。[41]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Rivaroxaban for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in people with atrial fibrillation. May 2012. http://www.nice.org.uk (last accessed 8 January 2016).http://guidance.nice.org.uk/TA256 这些直接口服抗凝药为非维生素 K 依赖性,分为两类:口服直接凝血酶抑制剂和口服因子 Xa 直接抑制剂。[42]O'Dell KM, Igawa D, Hsin J. New oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation: a review of clinical trials. Clin Ther. 2012;34:894-901.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22417716?tool=bestpractice.com
达比加群是一种口服直接凝血酶抑制剂,在 RE-LY 试验中将其与华法林进行了比较。在该试验中,与华法林相比,达比加群的卒中和系统性栓塞发生率更低,但二者的大出血发生率相似。在更低剂量达比加群治疗时,其脑卒中和系统性栓塞发生率与华法林相似。与华法林相比,心肌梗死发生率在两种剂量的达比加群中均更高。[36]Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1139-1151 (erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1877).http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0905561#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19717844?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Miller CS, Grandi SM, Shimony A, et al. Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:453-460.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22537354?tool=bestpractice.com[42]O'Dell KM, Igawa D, Hsin J. New oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation: a review of clinical trials. Clin Ther. 2012;34:894-901.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22417716?tool=bestpractice.com 在有人工机械瓣膜的患者中,达比加群具有更高的脑卒中、心脏病和血栓风险,因此不应在这类患者中使用。FDA: dabigatran safety alert 根据目前的证据,无严重肾功能不全和无人工机械瓣膜的患者可以使用达比加群作为首选药物或者作为华法林的替代药物。[43]Miller CS, Grandi SM, Shimony A, et al. Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:453-460.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22537354?tool=bestpractice.com[42]O'Dell KM, Igawa D, Hsin J. New oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation: a review of clinical trials. Clin Ther. 2012;34:894-901.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22417716?tool=bestpractice.com[44]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dabigatran etexilate for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in atrial fibrillation. March 2012. http://www.nice.org.uk (last accessed 8 January 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/TA249
分别在 ROCKET AF 试验、[45]Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:883-891.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1009638#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830957?tool=bestpractice.com ARISTOTLE 试验、[46]Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:981-992.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1107039#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870978?tool=bestpractice.com ENGAGE-AF 试验以及 ENSURE-AF 试验[47]Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2093-2104.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1310907#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24251359?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Goette A, Merino JL, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Edoxaban versus enoxaparin-warfarin in patients undergoing cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (ENSURE-AF): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial. Lancet. 2016;388:1995-2003.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27590218?tool=bestpractice.com 中将口服直接因子 Xa 抑制剂利伐沙班、阿哌沙班和依度沙班与华法林对非瓣膜性房颤患者的卒中预防效果进行了比较。这些试验和 meta 分析结果均表明,直接口服抗凝药在非瓣膜性房颤患者的卒中预防方面并不比华法林差。[43]Miller CS, Grandi SM, Shimony A, et al. Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:453-460.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22537354?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Caldeira D, Rodrigues FB, Barra M, et al. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants and major bleeding-related fatality in patients with atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2015;101:1204-1211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26037103?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do factor Xa inhibitors compare with warfarin for prevention of cerebral and systemic embolism in people with atrial fibrillation (AF)?https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2101/full显示答案
华法林抗凝治疗的有效性和安全性高度依赖于抗凝治疗控制的质量,其可通过在国际标准化比值 (INR) 在 2-3 这一治疗范围内的平均时间 (TTR) 体现。借助 SAMe-TT(2)R(2) 评分系统(基于性别、年龄、病史、治疗相互作用、烟草使用和种族),可以识别不太可能维持 TTR>70% 的抗凝药物初治患者,从而可采用直接口服抗凝药替代华法林。[50]Gallego P, Roldán V, Marin F, et al. SAMe-TT2R2 score, time in therapeutic range, and outcomes in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Med. 2014;127:1083-1088.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24858062?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Lip GY, Haguenoer K, Saint-Etienne C, et al. Relationship of the SAMe-TT(2)R(2) score to poor-quality anticoagulation, stroke, clinically relevant bleeding, and mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2014;146:719-726.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1860569http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24722973?tool=bestpractice.com
抗凝治疗策略的选择取决于临床表现。能用于指导治疗的患者表现和诊断评估因素包括:
患者血流动力学是否稳定
如果血流动力学稳定,患者是否出现了症状
如果出现症状,症状出现时长(<48 小时,≥48 小时或未知)
出现心力衰竭
经食管超声心动图提示存在血栓
如果经食道超声心动图未显示血栓,则对血栓栓塞风险进行分层。
房颤 CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc 卒中风险评分
需要住院治疗
如果患者为新发心房颤动,并且严重临床后果风险较低(未出现结构性心脏疾病的年轻患者、无明显心脏症状或血液动力异常),则窦性节律恢复并稳定后可直接从急诊室出院。
下列患者群需要住院治疗:
血液动力学不稳定的房颤
心房颤动伴心室率过快导致持续性胸痛、低血压、气促、头晕或晕厥的患者需立即进行直流电复律。此操作在充足的短效全身麻醉下进行,并需要通过检测心电图 R 波确保电击与心脏的固有活性同步(即同步化)。根据患者体型和其他共存疾病情况,可成功终止新发房颤的能量输出从 200 J 至最大值 400 J。在使用双向波电复律时,100 J 的低能量可作为起始能量。
对于血流动力学不稳定的房颤患者,开始抗凝治疗不应延迟直流电复律。可考虑静脉内先快速推注普通肝素、随后再输注,或给予低分子量肝素或直接口服抗凝药 (DOAC),并在复律后继续这些治疗,除非有禁忌证。[2]January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e1-e76.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1854231http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24685669?tool=bestpractice.com
血流动力学稳定的心房颤动:有症状
在成功复律前,患者需要接受室率控制治疗。如果没有心脏衰竭的迹象,则首选 β 受体阻滞剂(静脉使用艾司洛尔、普萘洛尔、酒石酸美托洛尔或口服阿替洛尔、琥珀酸美托洛尔、纳多洛尔、普萘洛尔、比索洛尔、卡维地洛)或非二氢吡啶钙离子通道阻滞剂(地尔硫卓、维拉帕米)。如果单药治疗不能充分控制心率,则可以采用 β 受体阻滞剂和钙离子通道阻滞剂联合用药。应对患者进行仔细监测,防止房室结过度阻滞。[1]Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2011;123:e269-e367.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/123/10/e269.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21382897?tool=bestpractice.com 如果存在心力衰竭的证据,某些药物(例如钙通道阻滞剂)和大多数抗心律失常药物(除地高辛 血流动力学稳定的急性发作性心房颤动的心率控制:有中等质量的证据表明,在心房颤动持续不超过 7 天的患者中,与安慰剂相比,地高辛可更有效地控制 30 分钟至 2 小时内的心率。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 或胺碘酮外) 血流动力学稳定的急性发作心房颤动患者的心率控制:有质量较差的证据表明,胺碘酮在 30 分钟内控制心率的有效性与地高辛相似。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 均不得使用。地高辛是房颤和心力衰竭患者心率控制的首选药物。胺碘酮具有多级(I 至 IV)抗心率失常性能,并且仅当禁用地高辛时可用于心力衰竭患者的心率控制
决奈达隆是一种具有非竞争性抗肾上腺素活性的多通道阻滞剂,与胺碘酮类似,但是效果要差一些。[37]Singh BN, Connolly SJ, Crijns HJ, et al; EURIDIS and ADONIS Investigators. Dronedarone for maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation or flutter. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:987-999.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa054686#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17804843?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Piccini JP, Hasselblad V, Peterson ED, et al. Comparative efficacy of dronedarone and amiodarone for the maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1089-1095.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19744618?tool=bestpractice.com 此药物在欧洲获批用于患有阵发性或持续性房颤、且具有相关心血管危险因素的临床情况稳定的成年患者,用于在其心脏复律成功后维持窦性心律。它可用于 NYHA 心功能 I 级或 II 级心力衰竭患者,但对于 NYHA 心功能 IV 级心力衰竭或者 NYHA 心功能 II-III 级心力衰竭伴有近期失代偿、需要住院治疗或转诊至心力衰竭专科门诊的患者,决奈达隆为禁忌药物。此外,永久性房颤患者也禁用决奈达隆。
对于新发房颤持续时间<48 小时且食管超声心动图未显示左心房血栓证据的患者应进行直流电复律血流动力学稳定的急性发作房颤转复窦性心律:有高质量证据表明,与静脉使用普罗帕酮相比,心脏电复律在 6 小时内将血流动力学稳定患者中持续时间<48 小时的新发心房颤动转为窦性心律的比例更高。目前的共识是,电复律应当用于血流动力学不稳定的新发心房颤动患者。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 或药物复律。直流电复律法快速、安全、有效。药物复律需要使用抗心律失常药物。[53]Heldal M, Atar D. Pharmacological conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. Scand Cardiovasc J Suppl. 2013;47:2-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23067130?tool=bestpractice.com 但必须谨慎使用这些药物,因为它们可能会导致心动过缓或心动过速。 [
]What are the benefits and harms of antiarrhythmics for maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1887/full显示答案 实践证明可有效用于新发房颤的复律但疗效不一的抗心律失常药物包括氟卡尼、血流动力学稳定的急性发作心房颤动转复窦性心律:有中等质量的证据表明,与安慰剂相比,口服或静脉使用氟卡尼在提高 1 至 24 小时内新发心房颤动患者窦性心律转复率方面更为有效。有质量较差的证据表明,与静脉注射胺碘酮相比,口服或静脉注射氟卡尼可更有效地提高 1~12 小时内窦性节律的转复率。有质量较差的证据表明,口服或静脉注射氟卡尼与口服或静脉注射普罗帕酮在 1~12 小时内对窦性节律的转复率可能是相似的。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 普罗帕酮、血流动力学稳定的急性发作心房颤动转复窦性心律:有高质量证据表明,与安慰剂相比,口服或静脉使用普罗帕酮能更有效地在 24 小时内提高新发房颤患者转复为窦性心律的比例。有质量较差的证据表明,静脉注射普罗帕酮与静脉注射地高辛在 1 小时内转复窦性心律的效果可能相同。也有质量较差的证据表明,口服或静脉注射普罗帕酮与口服或静脉注氟卡尼在 1~12 小时内转复窦性心律的效果可能相同。根据可用的低质量证据,与胺碘酮相比,普罗帕酮在 1 至 48 小时内将新发心房颤动转复为窦性心律方面是否更有效尚无定论。不良反应:普罗帕酮和氟卡尼不能用于已知或疑似缺血性心脏病患者,因为这两种药物可能会导致心律失常。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 伊布利特、维纳卡兰 (vernakalant)、[54]Roy D, Pratt CM, Torp-Pedersen C, et al; Atrial Arrhythmia Conversion Trial Investigators. Vernakalant hydrochloride for rapid conversion of atrial fibrillation: a phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Circulation. 2008;117:1518-1525.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/117/12/1518http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18332267?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Kowey PR, Dorian P, Mitchell LB, et al; Atrial Arrhythmia Conversion Trial Investigators. Vernakalant hydrochloride for the rapid conversion of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2009;2:652-659.http://circep.ahajournals.org/content/2/6/652.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19948506?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Camm AJ, Capucci A, Hohnloser SH, et al; AVRO Investigators. A randomized active-controlled study comparing the efficacy and safety of vernakalant to amiodarone in recent-onset atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:313-321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21232669?tool=bestpractice.com 决奈达隆[37]Singh BN, Connolly SJ, Crijns HJ, et al; EURIDIS and ADONIS Investigators. Dronedarone for maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation or flutter. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:987-999.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa054686#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17804843?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Le Heuzey JY, De Ferrari GM, Radzik D, et al. A short-term, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dronedarone versus amiodarone in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: the DIONYSOS study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010;21:597-605.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20384650?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Hohnloser SH, Crijns HJ, van Eickels M, et al. Effect of dronedarone on cardiovascular events in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:668-678 (erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2487).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19213680?tool=bestpractice.com[40]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dronedarone for the treatment of non-permanent atrial fibrillation. August 2010. http://www.nice.org.uk (last accessed 8 January 2016).http://guidance.nice.org.uk/ta197和胺碘酮。血流动力学稳定的急性发作心房颤动转复窦性心律:有低质量证据表明,与安慰剂相比,胺碘酮可更有效地提高 1-8 小时内血流动力学稳定的新发房颤患者窦性心律的转复。胺碘酮与地高辛在 1~48 小时内转复窦性心律的效果可能相同。与索他洛尔相比,胺碘酮可同样有效地在 3 小时内转复窦性心律。静脉内注射胺碘酮在 1~12 小时内转复窦性心律的效果不如口服或静脉注射氟卡尼。对于胺碘酮和普罗帕酮中,哪种药物能更有效地提高 1 至 48 小时内新发房颤患者转复窦性心律尚无定论。不良反应:胺碘酮的不良反应包括心动过缓和低血压。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。血流动力学稳定的急性发作心房颤动患者窦性心律从的转复:有中等质量的证据表明,与维拉帕米相比,胺碘酮能更有效地提高患者 3 小时的窦性心律的转复率。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 与 IC 类药物(氟卡尼和普罗帕酮)相比,III 类抗心律失常药物(包括胺碘酮和伊布利特)在转复窦性心律中的疗效并不如前者。[57]Kochiadakis GE, Igoumenidis NE, Hamilos ME, et al. A comparative study of the efficacy and safety of procainamide versus propafenone versus amiodarone for the conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99:1721-1725.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17560882?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Xanthos T, Bassiakou E, Vlachos IS, et al. Intravenous and oral administration of amiodarone for the treatment of recent onset atrial fibrillation after digoxin administration. Int J Cardiol. 2007;121:291-295.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17434635?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Xanthos T, Prapa V, Papadimitriou D, et al. Comparative study of intravenous amiodarone and procainamide in the treatment of atrial fibrillation of recent onset. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2007;55:433-441.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17653020?tool=bestpractice.com 静脉注射维纳卡兰 (vernakalant) 已被证实在急性转复近期发作房颤方面的疗效优于胺碘酮。[56]Camm AJ, Capucci A, Hohnloser SH, et al; AVRO Investigators. A randomized active-controlled study comparing the efficacy and safety of vernakalant to amiodarone in recent-onset atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:313-321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21232669?tool=bestpractice.com 口服维纳卡兰 (vernakalant) 能够有效预防心房颤动在转复后的复发。[60]Torp-Pedersen C, Raev DH, Dickinson G, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled study of vernakalant (oral) for the prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrence after cardioversion. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2011;4:637-643.http://circep.ahajournals.org/content/4/5/637.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21841207?tool=bestpractice.com
对于新发房颤持续时间<48 小时且无左心房血栓迹象的患者,抗凝治疗的策略如下:
如果 CHA2DS2-VASc 评分为 0-1,则无需抗凝治疗。
如果 CHA2DS2-VASc 评分≥2,则应在复律前开始静脉注射肝素(活化部分凝血活酶时间 45-60 秒)或皮下注射低分子量肝素。窦性心律恢复后,患者应开始服用华法林,并继续使用肝素,直至华法林疗效达到治疗水平 (INR 2-3)。在特定患者中,华法林可用直接口服抗凝药替换,例如达比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班或依度沙班。[61]Dentali F, Riva N, Crowther M, et al. Efficacy and safety of the novel oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Circulation. 2012;126:2381-2391.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/126/20/2381.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23071159?tool=bestpractice.com 直接口服抗凝药不应该用于有人工机械瓣膜的患者。达比加群不应该用于有显著肾功能不全的患者。禁止将直接口服抗凝药与肝素(包括低分子量肝素)、肝素衍生物或华法林同时使用。
复律后继续进行至少 4 周的抗凝治疗,有些患者所需时间可能更长。[2]January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e1-e76.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1854231http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24685669?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Sorino M, Colonna P, De Luca L, et al. Post-cardioversion transesophageal echocardiography (POSTEC) strategy with the use of enoxaparin for brief anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation patients: the multicenter POSTEC trial (a pilot study). J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2007;8:1034-1042.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18163016?tool=bestpractice.com
如果症状发作时间未知或>48 小时,且经食管超声心动图未显示左心房血栓,患者应接受直流电复律血流动力学稳定的急性发作房颤转复窦性心律:有高质量证据表明,与静脉使用普罗帕酮相比,心脏电复律在 6 小时内将血流动力学稳定患者中持续时间<48 小时的新发心房颤动转为窦性心律的比例更高。目前的共识是,电复律应当用于血流动力学不稳定的新发心房颤动患者。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 或药物复律,但复律应在患者的抗凝治疗生效后进行。CHA2DS2-VASc 评分还可预测复律后的心血管并发症风险。[63]Grönberg T, Hartikainen JE, Nuotio I, et al. Anticoagulation, CHA2DS2VASc score, and thromboembolic risk of cardioversion of acute atrial fibrillation (from the FinCV study). Am J Cardiol. 2016;117:1294-1298.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26892448?tool=bestpractice.com 这些患者的抗凝治疗策略如下:
如果 CHA2DS2-VASc 评分为 0-1,应开始使用肝素,并延迟复律,直至确定患者在肝素治疗中达到目标活化部分凝血活酶时间 45-60 秒。心脏复律成功后,即可停用肝素。因存在性别风险(即女性患者),目前没有适用于 CHADS2 得分为 1 分或 CHA2DS2-VASc 得分为 1 分患者的重要共识,故在决定使用阿司匹林对这些患者进行长期治疗时,应与患者讨论并做到个体化。[2]January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e1-e76.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1854231http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24685669?tool=bestpractice.com[10]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Atrial fibrillation: management. 2014. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg180 (last accessed 8 January 2016).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg180/resources/atrial-fibrillation-management-35109805981381[64]Lip GY, Skjøth F, Rasmussen LH, et al. Oral anticoagulation, aspirin, or no therapy in patients with nonvalvular AF with 0 or 1 stroke risk factor based on the CHA2DS2-VASc score. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:1385-1394.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25770314?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Chao TF, Liu CJ, Wang KL, et al. Should atrial fibrillation patients with 1 additional risk factor of the CHA2DS2-VASc score (beyond sex) receive oral anticoagulation? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:635-642.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25677422?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Joundi RA, Cipriano LE, Sposato LA, et al. Ischemic stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation and CHA2DS2-VASc score of 1: systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2016;47:1364-1367.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27026630?tool=bestpractice.com 美国心脏协会 (AHA) 2014 指南将阿司匹林作为此情况下的一种治疗选择,而英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所 (NICE) 和欧洲心脏病学会 (European Society of Cardiology) 指南则不推荐使用阿司匹林。[2]January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e1-e76.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1854231http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24685669?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Europace. 2016;18:1609-1678.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/38/2893http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567465?tool=bestpractice.com[10]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Atrial fibrillation: management. 2014. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg180 (last accessed 8 January 2016).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg180/resources/atrial-fibrillation-management-35109805981381
如果 CHA2DS2-VASc 评分≥2,应开始同时采用肝素和华法林治疗,并持续使用肝素直至华法林水平达到治疗水平 (INR 2-3)。[2]January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e1-e76.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1854231http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24685669?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Peters NS, Schilling RJ, Kanagaratnam P, et al. Atrial fibrillation: strategies to control, combat, and cure. Lancet. 2002; 359;593-603.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11867130?tool=bestpractice.com 在复律前应使用华法林抗凝治疗并维持目标 INR 水平 3~4 周。[22]Peters NS, Schilling RJ, Kanagaratnam P, et al. Atrial fibrillation: strategies to control, combat, and cure. Lancet. 2002; 359;593-603.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11867130?tool=bestpractice.com 对于经选择的患者,例如预测到华法林治疗范围内时间 (TTR) 较短且无效 [即根据 SAMe-TT(2)R(2) 评分系统预测]的患者或拒绝服用华法林的患者,华法林可替换为直接口服抗凝药(例如,达比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班或依度沙班)。[50]Gallego P, Roldán V, Marin F, et al. SAMe-TT2R2 score, time in therapeutic range, and outcomes in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Med. 2014;127:1083-1088.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24858062?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Lip GY, Haguenoer K, Saint-Etienne C, et al. Relationship of the SAMe-TT(2)R(2) score to poor-quality anticoagulation, stroke, clinically relevant bleeding, and mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2014;146:719-726.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1860569http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24722973?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Dentali F, Riva N, Crowther M, et al. Efficacy and safety of the novel oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Circulation. 2012;126:2381-2391.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/126/20/2381.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23071159?tool=bestpractice.com 直接口服抗凝药不应该用于有人工机械瓣膜的患者。达比加群不应该用于有显著肾功能不全的患者。禁止将直接口服抗凝药与肝素(包括低分子量肝素)、肝素衍生物或华法林同时使用。
复律后继续进行至少 4 周的抗凝治疗,有些患者所需时间可能更长。[2]January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e1-e76.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1854231http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24685669?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Sorino M, Colonna P, De Luca L, et al. Post-cardioversion transesophageal echocardiography (POSTEC) strategy with the use of enoxaparin for brief anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation patients: the multicenter POSTEC trial (a pilot study). J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2007;8:1034-1042.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18163016?tool=bestpractice.com
若经食管超声心动图显示存在左心房血栓,则应开始同时采用肝素和华法林治疗,并持续使用肝素直至华法林疗效达到治疗水平 (INR 2~3)。在复律前应使用华法林抗凝治疗并维持目标 INR 水平 3~4 周。此外,考虑进行复律之前,应重复进行经食管超声心动图检查,以评估左心房血栓。达比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班和依度沙班等直接口服抗凝药可用作华法林的替代药物,并且与华法林相比,直接抗凝药物可提高患者的整体临床获益情况。[61]Dentali F, Riva N, Crowther M, et al. Efficacy and safety of the novel oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Circulation. 2012;126:2381-2391.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/126/20/2381.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23071159?tool=bestpractice.com 直接口服抗凝药不应该用于有人工机械瓣膜的患者。达比加群不应该用于有显著肾功能不全的患者。禁止将直接口服抗凝药与肝素(包括低分子量肝素)、肝素衍生物或华法林同时使用。复律后继续进行至少 4 周的抗凝治疗,有些患者所需时间可能更长。[2]January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e1-e76.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1854231http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24685669?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Sorino M, Colonna P, De Luca L, et al. Post-cardioversion transesophageal echocardiography (POSTEC) strategy with the use of enoxaparin for brief anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation patients: the multicenter POSTEC trial (a pilot study). J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2007;8:1034-1042.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18163016?tool=bestpractice.com
血流动力学稳定的心房颤动:无症状
CHA2DS2-VASc 评分为 0-1 的患者可接受观察。大多数新发房颤患者会自行恢复窦性心律,通常是在最初 24 小时内。复律成功前,需要进行心率控制治疗。可以在不使用抗凝药物的情况下尝试心脏复律。
CHA2DS2-VASc 评分≥2 的患者需立即接受抗凝治疗。应开始同时采用肝素和华法林治疗,并持续使用肝素直至华法林疗效达到治疗水平 (INR 2~3)。在特定患者中,华法林可用直接口服抗凝药替换,例如达比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班或依度沙班。[61]Dentali F, Riva N, Crowther M, et al. Efficacy and safety of the novel oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Circulation. 2012;126:2381-2391.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/126/20/2381.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23071159?tool=bestpractice.com 直接口服抗凝药不应该用于有人工机械瓣膜的患者。达比加群不应该用于有显著肾功能不全的患者。禁止将直接口服抗凝药与肝素(包括低分子量肝素)、肝素衍生物或华法林同时使用。应先观察房颤患者是否可自行恢复。如果房颤未消退,在心脏复律前应采用华法林进行抗凝治疗达到目标 INR,并持续 3-4 周。在复律前需要进行心率控制治疗。复律后继续进行至少 4 周的抗凝治疗。
复律后治疗
首次发作的新发心房颤动转为窦性心律后不应继续接受心律维持治疗,因为其风险超过了获益。
因存在性别风险(即女性患者),目前没有适用于 CHADS2 得分为 1 分或 CHA2DS2-VASc 得分为 1 分患者的重要共识,故在决定使用阿司匹林对这些患者进行长期治疗时,应与患者讨论并做到个体化。[2]January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e1-e76.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1854231http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24685669?tool=bestpractice.com[10]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Atrial fibrillation: management. 2014. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg180 (last accessed 8 January 2016).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg180/resources/atrial-fibrillation-management-35109805981381[64]Lip GY, Skjøth F, Rasmussen LH, et al. Oral anticoagulation, aspirin, or no therapy in patients with nonvalvular AF with 0 or 1 stroke risk factor based on the CHA2DS2-VASc score. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:1385-1394.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25770314?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Chao TF, Liu CJ, Wang KL, et al. Should atrial fibrillation patients with 1 additional risk factor of the CHA2DS2-VASc score (beyond sex) receive oral anticoagulation? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:635-642.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25677422?tool=bestpractice.com
血栓栓塞风险较高的患者即使在转复后仍需要进行长期的抗凝治疗。[1]Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2011;123:e269-e367.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/123/10/e269.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21382897?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Sorino M, Colonna P, De Luca L, et al. Post-cardioversion transesophageal echocardiography (POSTEC) strategy with the use of enoxaparin for brief anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation patients: the multicenter POSTEC trial (a pilot study). J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2007;8:1034-1042.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18163016?tool=bestpractice.com