霍奇金淋巴瘤 (HL) 的治疗目标为治愈并尽可能减少远期效应的风险。化疗与放疗应用各种方案和联合疗法治疗霍奇金淋巴瘤,以达到治愈的目的。
经典型霍奇金淋巴瘤早期阶段( I 期和 II 期)的治疗方案
患有早期霍奇金淋巴瘤 (HL) 的患者根据不存在或存在危险因素,分类为预后良好或不良。不同研究组用来区分预后良好和不良的特异性危险因素稍有不同,由德国霍奇金疾病研究组 (German Hodgkin Study Group) 所定义的危险因素较为常用,包括累及 3 个及以上淋巴结区域、红细胞沉降率 (ESR) 升高、纵膈肿块巨大和结外疾病。[28]German Hodgkin Study Group. Disease stages and risk factors. http://en.ghsg.org (last accessed 21 September 2017).http://en.ghsg.org/disease-stages早期疾病的首选疗法为综合疗法,包括联合化疗(通常采用 ABVD [多柔比星、博来霉素、长春花碱和达卡巴嗪]),然后进行受累区域放射疗法。[29]Laskar S, Gupta T, Vimal S, et al. Consolidation radiation after complete remission in Hodgkin's disease following six cycles of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine chemotherapy: is there a need? J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:62-68.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/22/1/62http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14657226?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, et al. Randomized comparison of ABVD chemotherapy with a strategy that includes radiation therapy in patients with limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:4634-4642.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/23/21/4634http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15837968?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Noordijk EM, Thomas J, Ferme C, et al. First results of the EORTC-GELa H9 randomized trials: the H9-F trial (comparing 3 radiation dose levels) and H9-U trial (comparing 3 chemotherapy schemes) in patients with favorable or unfavorable early stage Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). J Clin Oncol, 2005 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings. 2005;23(suppl):6505.[32]Straus DJ, Portlock CS, Qin J, et al. Results of a prospective randomized clinical trial of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) followed by radiation therapy (RT) versus ABVD alone for stages I, II, and IIIA nonbulky Hodgkin disease. Blood. 2004;104:3483-3489.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/104/12/3483http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15315964?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Herbst C, Rehan FA, Skoetz N, et al. Chemotherapy alone versus chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for early stage Hodgkin lymphoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(2):CD007110.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007110.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21328291?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Eich HT, Diehl V, Görgen H, et al. Intensified chemotherapy and dose-reduced involved-field radiotherapy in patients with early unfavorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: final analysis of the German Hodgkin Study Group HD11 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4199-4206.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713848?tool=bestpractice.com预后良好疾病采用 2 个周期的 ABVD,然后采用 20 Gy 放射进行治疗,而不良预后的疾病则通常使用 4 个周期的 ABVD,然后 30 Gy 放射进行治疗。[34]Eich HT, Diehl V, Görgen H, et al. Intensified chemotherapy and dose-reduced involved-field radiotherapy in patients with early unfavorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: final analysis of the German Hodgkin Study Group HD11 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4199-4206.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713848?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Engert A, Plütschow A, Eich HT, et al. Reduced treatment intensity in patients with early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:640-652.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1000067http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818855?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Behringer K, Goergen H, Hitz F, et al. Omission of dacarbazine or bleomycin, or both, from the ABVD regimen in treatment of early-stage favourable Hodgkin's lymphoma (GHSG HD13): an open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2015;385:1418-1427.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25539730?tool=bestpractice.com在有预后良好的早期疾病的老年患者中,4 个周期的 ABVD 未能改善缓解率,但这种治疗方法会导致严重毒性的风险较高,包括博来霉素诱发的肺脏毒性。[37]Böll B, Goergen H, Behringer K, et al. Bleomycin in older early-stage favorable Hodgkin lymphoma patients:
analysis of the German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG) HD10 and HD13 trials. Blood.
2016;127:2189-2192.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/127/18/2189.long?sso-checked=truehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26834240?tool=bestpractice.com强化化疗为先进行 2 个周期的升级 BEACOPP 化疗(博来霉素、依托泊苷、多柔比星、环磷酰胺、长春新碱、丙卡巴肼和泼尼松龙),随后再进行 2 个周期的 ABVD 化疗和放疗。该疗法可改善高风险患者的肿瘤控制,但其毒性较大。[38]von Tresckow B, Plütschow A, Fuchs M, et al. Dose-intensification in early unfavorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: final analysis of the German Hodgkin study group HD14 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:907-913.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/30/9/907.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22271480?tool=bestpractice.com对于没有较大肿块的患者来讲,也可考虑仅采用联合化疗(例如:4-6 个周期的 ABVD)。[39]Connors JM. The case for chemotherapy alone for limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. Oncologist. 2012;17:1011-1013.http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/content/17/8/1011.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22807512?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Hill-Kayser CE, Plastaras JP, Tochner Z, et al. The case for combined-modality therapy for limited-stage Hodgkin's disease. Oncologist. 2012;17:1006-1010.http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/content/17/8/1006.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22807513?tool=bestpractice.com该疗法与综合疗法相比,肿瘤控制率稍低,但生存率相似。[41]Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, et al. ABVD alone versus radiation-based therapy in limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:399-408.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1111961#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149921?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Raemaekers JM, André MP, Federico M, et al. Omitting radiotherapy in early positron emission tomography-negative stage I/II Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with an increased risk of early relapse: clinical results of the preplanned interim analysis of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:1188-1194.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/32/12/1188.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637998?tool=bestpractice.com评估在早期霍奇金淋巴瘤 (HL) 中根据 PET 调整方法的研究目的在于使用中期 PET 结果以识别可以安全规避放射治疗的患者。例如,RAPID 研究招募了IA 或 IIA 期无较大肿瘤的患者,将进行了 3 个周期的 ABVD 疗法后 PET 结果为阴性的患者随机分配接受放射巩固治疗或不进行进一步治疗。尽管综合治疗组的肿瘤控制率更高(3 年无进展生存率 [PFS] 为 97%),但在仅使用化疗的组中观察到有临床意义的肿瘤控制率(3 年 PFS 为 91%),所以如果想要避免放射,这一结果让治疗选择颇具吸引力。[43]Radford J, Illidge T, Counsell N, et al. Results of a trial of PET-directed therapy for early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1598-1607.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1408648#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25901426?tool=bestpractice.com同样地,评估在早期霍奇金淋巴瘤 (HL) 中根据 PET 调整方法的 EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 研究也可以得出相似的结论。[42]Raemaekers JM, André MP, Federico M, et al. Omitting radiotherapy in early positron emission tomography-negative stage I/II Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with an increased risk of early relapse: clinical results of the preplanned interim analysis of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:1188-1194.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/32/12/1188.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637998?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does positron emission tomography-adapted therapy as first-line treatment affect outcomes in people with early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.758/full显示答案
经典型霍奇金淋巴瘤晚期阶段(III 期和 IV 期)的治疗方案
治疗的目标是痊愈。最先采用的疗法为联合化疗。其治疗方案包括 ABVD 或更高剂量的 BEACOPP 。[44]Hoskin PJ, Lowry L, Horwich A, et al. Randomized comparison of the Stanford V regimen and ABVD in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's Lymphoma: United Kingdom National Cancer Research Institute Lymphoma Group Study ISRCTN 64141244. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:5390-5396.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19738111?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Federico M, Luminari S, Iannitto E, et al; HD2000 Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio dei Linfomi Trial. ABVD compared with BEACOPP compared with CEC for the initial treatment of patients with advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma: results from the HD2000 Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio dei Linfomi Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:805-811.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124807?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Skoetz N, Will A, Monsef I, et al. Comparison of first-line chemotherapy including escalated BEACOPP versus chemotherapy including ABVD for people with early unfavourable or advanced stage Hodgkin lymphoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(5):CD007941.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007941.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28541603?tool=bestpractice.com有些患者有肺部疾病或是其他共存疾病,需要减少博来霉素的用量。对于这类患者,可考虑采用斯坦福 V 化疗(阿霉素、长春新碱、氮芥、长春花碱、博来霉素、依托泊苷和泼尼松龙)。[47]Gordon LI, Hong F, Fisher RI, et al. Randomized phase III trial of ABVD versus Stanford V with or without radiation therapy in locally extensive and advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma: an intergroup study coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E2496). J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:684-691.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23182987?tool=bestpractice.com治疗晚期霍奇金淋巴瘤是否需要采用巩固性放疗是有争议的,但是一般建议病变范围较广 (>5 cm) 的患者或是接受采用斯坦福 V 化疗的患者采用。[48]Aleman BM, Raemaekers JM, Tirelli U, et al. Involved-field radiotherapy for advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2396-2406.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/348/24/2396http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12802025?tool=bestpractice.com[49]DeVita VT Jr. Hodgkin's disease - clinical trials and travails. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2375-2376.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12802021?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Fabian CJ, Mansfield CM, Dahlberg S, et al. Low-dose involved field radiation after chemotherapy in advanced Hodgkin disease. A Southwest Oncology Group randomized study. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120:903-912.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8172436?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Prosnitz LR. Consolidation radiotherapy in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease: is it dead? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;56:605-608.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12788163?tool=bestpractice.com有数据表明,在有新近诊断出的晚期疾病(II-IV 期)的患者中,临时 PET 扫描(在 2 个周期的 ABVD 之后)有助于作出有关化疗升级或降级的决定,[52]Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, et al. Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT scan in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:2419-2429.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1510093#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27332902?tool=bestpractice.com而且化疗后的 PET 反应可指导是否需要进行巩固性放疗。[53]Engert A, Haverkamp H, Kobe C, et al. Reduced-intensity chemotherapy and PET-guided radiotherapy in patients with advanced stage Hodgkin's lymphoma (HD15 trial): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2012;379:1791-1799.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22480758?tool=bestpractice.com
结节性淋巴细胞为主霍奇金淋巴瘤早期阶段( I 期和 II 期)的治疗方案
结节性淋巴细胞为主霍奇金淋巴瘤较罕见,大部分患者都在疾病的早期阶段。治疗目标为治愈并减少后遗症。建议大部分患者对受累区域进行局部放疗。[54]Nogova L, Reineke T, Eich HT, et al. Extended field radiotherapy, combined modality treatment or involved field radiotherapy for patients with stage IA lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma: a retrospective analysis from the German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG). Ann Oncol. 2005;16:1683-1687.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/16/10/1683http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16093276?tool=bestpractice.com
结节性淋巴细胞为主霍奇金淋巴瘤晚期阶段(III 期和 IV 期)的治疗方案
对于罕见的晚期患者,其治疗方案可参照经典型霍奇金淋巴瘤晚期阶段的治疗方案(联合化疗法,同时接受或未接受巩固性放疗)。
难治性疾病和复发疾病
对于复发性霍奇金淋巴瘤必须进行个体化管理。治疗的目的,至少在开始治疗时是治愈。推荐的疗法有多种并应根据不同的因素进行选择,包括先前采取的一线治疗选择(单独采用放射疗法、单独化疗或综合疗法)、患者年龄、医学共病、首次缓解的持续时间以及复发时所处的阶段。对于某些患者来讲,单独放射疗法或单独化疗是适合的。[55]Josting A, Nogova L, Franklin J, et al. Salvage radiotherapy in patients with relapsed and refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma: a retrospective analysis from the German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1522-1529.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/23/7/1522http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15632410?tool=bestpractice.com对于多数化疗或综合治疗失败的患者,首选治疗方式是先行高剂量的化疗(对于符合条件的患者,可联合使用放疗),随后进行自体干细胞移植 (autologous stem cell transplantation, ASCT)。[56]Linch DC, Winfield D, Goldstone AH, et al. Dose intensification with autologous bone-marrow transplantation in relapsed and resistant Hodgkin's disease: results of a BNLI randomised trial. Lancet. 1993;341:1051-1054.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8096958?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Schmitz N, Pfistner B, Sextro M, et al. Aggressive conventional chemotherapy compared with high-dose chemotherapy with autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation for relapsed chemosensitive Hodgkin's disease: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359:2065-2071.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12086759?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Baetz T, Belch A, Couban S, et al. Gemcitabine, dexamethasone and cisplatin is an active and non-toxic chemotherapy regimen in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's disease: a phase II study by the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Ann Oncol. 2003;14:1762-1767.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/14/12/1762.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14630682?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Moskowitz CH, Nimer SD, Zelenetz AD, et al. A 2-step comprehensive high-dose chemoradiotherapy second-line program for relapsed and refractory Hodgkin disease: analysis by intent to treat and development of a prognostic model. Blood. 2001;97:616-623.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/97/3/616.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11157476?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Santoro A, Magagnoli M, Spina M, et al. Ifosfamide, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine: a new induction regimen for refractory and relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma. Haematologica. 2007;92:35-41.http://www.haematologica.org/content/92/1/35.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17229633?tool=bestpractice.com
免疫治疗药物也可用于复发性或难治性经典型霍奇金淋巴瘤患者。本妥昔单抗 (brentuximab vedotin) 是一种靶向 CD30 的单克隆抗体-药物偶联物,在有高复发风险的患者中(例如初始治疗无效的患者,初始治疗后 12 个月内复发的患者,或伴淋巴结外病变的患者),可用作 ASCT 术后的维持治疗。[61]Moskowitz CH, Nademanee A, Masszi T, et al. Brentuximab vedotin as consolidation therapy after autologous stem-cell transplantation in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma at risk of relapse or progression (AETHERA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2015;385:1853-1862.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25796459?tool=bestpractice.com或者,可以在 ASCT 治疗失败后使用本妥昔单抗。其也可以用于不适合 ASCT 的患者,但是只有在已经尝试过两种或更多种多药化疗方案的情况下才可以使用。[62]Younes A, Gopal AK, Smith SE, et al. Results of a pivotal phase II study of brentuximab vedotin for patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:2183-2189.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/30/18/2183.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22454421?tool=bestpractice.com
使用 ASCT 和本妥昔单抗均无效的患者可以考虑用纳武单抗 (nivolumab) 治疗。纳武单抗是一种单克隆抗体,可靶向并阻断程序性死亡-1 (PD-1) 信号传导通路。对纳武单抗的临床研究表明,在已经接受过广泛预处理的霍奇金淋巴瘤患者中,客观缓解率>65%,其中许多患者之前的 ASCT 治疗无效,并在使用本妥昔单抗后病情复发或对其无效。[63]Ansell SM, Lesokhin AM, Borrello I, et al. PD-1 blockade with nivolumab in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:311-319.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4348009/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25482239?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Younes A, Santoro A, Shipp M, et al. Nivolumab for classical Hodgkin's lymphoma after failure of both autologous stem-cell transplantation and brentuximab vedotin: a multicentre, multicohort, single-arm phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17:1283-1294.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147020451630167Xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27451390?tool=bestpractice.com派姆单抗 (Pembrolizumab) 是另一种可靶向并阻断程序性死亡-1 (PD-1) 信号传导通路的单克隆抗体。在美国,派姆单抗可以用于既往经过三线或更前线治疗之后复发的霍奇金淋巴瘤患者。在欧洲,派姆单抗可用于经 ASCT 和本妥昔单抗(类似于纳武单抗)治疗无效的患者,以及不适合 ASCT 且本妥昔单抗治疗无效的患者。对派姆单抗的临床研究报告称,在使用本妥昔单抗治疗无效的复发性或难治性疾病患者中,其总缓解率为 65%。[65]Armand P, Shipp MA, Ribrag V, et al. Programmed death-1 blockade with pembrolizumab in patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma after brentuximab vedotin failure. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jun 27 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27354476?tool=bestpractice.com
在自体移植后复发的患者中,异体移植疗法的作用可能有限,但是否应采用该疗法仍有争议。[66]Anderlini P, Champlin RE. Reduced intensity conditioning for allogeneic stem cell transplantation in relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: where do we stand? Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2006;12:599-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16737932?tool=bestpractice.com
对化疗的评价
联合化疗最初是用于晚期霍奇金淋巴瘤患者。第一个有效方案为 MOPP(氮芥、长春花碱、丙卡巴肼和泼尼松龙),由国家癌症研究所的德维塔与其同事共同提出。由于 MOPP 治疗方案有副作用(不孕、引起白血病),ABVD 方案已成为霍奇金淋巴瘤 (HL) 患者最常用的方案。BEACOPP(尤其是递增剂量 BEACOPP)治疗方案在肿瘤控制方面优于 ABVD;然而这一方案的毒性较大,继发性急性白血病的风险也较高。[67]Engert A, Diehl V, Franklin J, et al. Escalated-dose BEACOPP in the treatment of patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: 10 years of follow-up of the GHSG HD9 study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:4548-4554.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19704068?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Franklin J, Eichenauer DA, Becker I, et al. Optimisation of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for untreated Hodgkin lymphoma patients with respect to second malignant neoplasms, overall and progression-free survival: individual participant data analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(9):CD008814.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008814.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28901021?tool=bestpractice.com此外,对 ABVD 治疗后复发的患者来说,与二线治疗的疗效相比,使用递增剂量 BEACOPP 的一线治疗并没有显示出生存优势。[44]Hoskin PJ, Lowry L, Horwich A, et al. Randomized comparison of the Stanford V regimen and ABVD in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's Lymphoma: United Kingdom National Cancer Research Institute Lymphoma Group Study ISRCTN 64141244. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:5390-5396.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19738111?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Federico M, Luminari S, Iannitto E, et al; HD2000 Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio dei Linfomi Trial. ABVD compared with BEACOPP compared with CEC for the initial treatment of patients with advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma: results from the HD2000 Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio dei Linfomi Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:805-811.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124807?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Engert A, Diehl V, Franklin J, et al. Escalated-dose BEACOPP in the treatment of patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: 10 years of follow-up of the GHSG HD9 study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:4548-4554.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19704068?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Viviani S, Zinzani PL, Rambaldi A, et al. ABVD versus BEACOPP for Hodgkin's lymphoma when high-dose salvage is planned. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:203-212.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1100340#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21774708?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Merli F, Luminari S, Gobbi PG, et al. Long-term results of the HD2000 trial comparing ABVD versus BEACOPP versus COPP-EBV-CAD in untreated patients with advanced Hodgkin lymphoma: a study by Fondazione Italiana Linfomi. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:1175-1181.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2015.62.4817http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26712220?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Carde P, Karrasch M, Fortpied C, et al. Eight cycles of ABVD versus four cycles of BEACOPP escalated plus four cycles of BEACOPPbaseline in stage III to IV, International Prognostic Score ≥ 3, high-risk Hodgkin
lymphoma: first results of the phase III EORTC 20012 Intergroup Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:2028-2036.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2015.64.5648http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27114593?tool=bestpractice.com
对放疗的评价
虽然几十年来,单独使用放疗就能够成功治愈早期霍奇金淋巴瘤,但是对其长期副作用的担忧限制了该疗法的广泛应用。现在的标准治疗方法是放化疗联合。随机试验研究表明与单独放疗或单独化疗相比,综合疗法能够降低肿瘤的复发风险[72]Noordijk EM, Carde P, Dupouy N, et al. Combined-modality therapy for clinical stage I or II Hodgkin's lymphoma: long-term results of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer H7 randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:3128-3135.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/24/19/3128http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16754934?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Press OW, LeBlanc M, Lichter AS, et al. Phase III randomized intergroup trial of subtotal lymphoid irradiation versus doxorubicin, vinblastine, and subtotal lymphoid irradiation for stage IA to IIA Hodgkin's disease. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:4238-4244.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11709567?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Specht L, Gray RG, Clarke MJ, et al. Influence of more extensive radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy on long-term outcome of early-stage Hodgkin's disease: a meta-analysis of 23 randomized trials involving 3,888 patients. International Hodgkin's Disease Collaborative Group. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:830-843.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9508163?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, et al. Randomized comparison of ABVD chemotherapy with a strategy that includes radiation therapy in patients with limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:4634-4642.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/23/21/4634http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15837968?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Noordijk EM, Thomas J, Ferme C, et al. First results of the EORTC-GELa H9 randomized trials: the H9-F trial (comparing 3 radiation dose levels) and H9-U trial (comparing 3 chemotherapy schemes) in patients with favorable or unfavorable early stage Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). J Clin Oncol, 2005 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings. 2005;23(suppl):6505.[75]Nachman JB, Sposto R, Herzog P, et al. Randomized comparison of low-dose involved-field radiotherapy and no radiotherapy for children with Hodgkin's disease who achieve a complete response to chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:3765-3771.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12228196?tool=bestpractice.com
综合疗法是治疗早期霍奇金淋巴瘤的首选疗法。[76]Herbst C, Rehan FA, Brillant C, et al. Combined modality treatment improves tumor control and overall survival in patients with early stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: a systematic review. Haematologica. 2010;95:494-500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2833081/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19951972?tool=bestpractice.com诱导化疗起效后,针对起初的累及部位进行局部放疗。没有必要对继发的累及部位进行放疗,当单独采用放疗时,才需要对继发的累及部位进行放疗。[77]Engert A, Schiller P, Josting A, et al. Involved-field radiotherapy is equally effective and less toxic compared with extended-field radiotherapy after four cycles of chemotherapy in patients with early-stage unfavorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: results of the HD8 trial of the German Hodgkin's Lymphoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:3601-3608.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12913100?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Zittoun R, Audebert A, Hoerni B, et al. Extended versus involved fields irradiation combined with MOPP chemotherapy in early clinical stages of Hodgkin's disease. J Clin Oncol. 1985;3:207-214.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3838188?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Bonadonna G, Bonfante V, Viviani S, et al. ABVD plus subtotal nodal versus involved-field radiotherapy in early-stage Hodgkin's disease: long-term results. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:2835-2841.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/22/14/2835http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15199092?tool=bestpractice.com另外,由于放疗只是个巩固性疗法,低剂量放疗就足够了。[34]Eich HT, Diehl V, Görgen H, et al. Intensified chemotherapy and dose-reduced involved-field radiotherapy in patients with early unfavorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: final analysis of the German Hodgkin Study Group HD11 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4199-4206.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713848?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Loeffler M, Diehl V, Pfreundschuh M, et al. Dose-response relationship of complementary radiotherapy following four cycles of combination chemotherapy in intermediate-stage Hodgkin's disease. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:2275-2287.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9196141?tool=bestpractice.com目前,联合化疗后,对累及部位进行放疗时,建议的放射剂量为 20–30 Gy。对于预后良好的早期阶段霍奇金淋巴瘤来讲,ABVD 2 个疗程后,进行20 Gy剂量的治疗效果与进行 ABVD 4 个疗程后进行 30 Gy剂量的治疗效果相同,但前者急性毒性较低。[35]Engert A, Plütschow A, Eich HT, et al. Reduced treatment intensity in patients with early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:640-652.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1000067http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818855?tool=bestpractice.com对于预后不好的早期阶段霍奇金淋巴瘤来讲,标准治疗方案是至少进行 4 个疗程的 ABVD并接受 30 Gy 的放疗。[34]Eich HT, Diehl V, Görgen H, et al. Intensified chemotherapy and dose-reduced involved-field radiotherapy in patients with early unfavorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: final analysis of the German Hodgkin Study Group HD11 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4199-4206.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713848?tool=bestpractice.com对患有较大肿瘤的晚期霍奇金淋巴瘤 (HL) 患者使用巩固放射疗法具有争议;然而,数据显示,对治疗终末 PET 扫描阴性的患者来说,可能可以避免使用此疗法。[53]Engert A, Haverkamp H, Kobe C, et al. Reduced-intensity chemotherapy and PET-guided radiotherapy in patients with advanced stage Hodgkin's lymphoma (HD15 trial): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2012;379:1791-1799.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22480758?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Aleman BM, Raemaekers JM, Tirelli U, et al. Involved-field radiotherapy for advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2396-2406.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/348/24/2396http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12802025?tool=bestpractice.com[49]DeVita VT Jr. Hodgkin's disease - clinical trials and travails. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2375-2376.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12802021?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Fabian CJ, Mansfield CM, Dahlberg S, et al. Low-dose involved field radiation after chemotherapy in advanced Hodgkin disease. A Southwest Oncology Group randomized study. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120:903-912.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8172436?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Prosnitz LR. Consolidation radiotherapy in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease: is it dead? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;56:605-608.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12788163?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Johnson PW, Sydes MR, Hancock BW, et al. Consolidation radiotherapy in patients with advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma: survival data from the UKLG LY09 randomized controlled trial (ISRCTN97144519). J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:3352-3359.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20498402?tool=bestpractice.com
大部分结节性淋巴细胞为主霍奇金淋巴瘤 (NLPHD) 患者处于疾病 I 期,累及的部位为外周淋巴结区域,如:腹股沟、腋窝以及颈部等。早期 NLPHD 的整体预后都非常好。由于该亚型罕见,故缺乏相关前瞻性研究。大型回顾性研究表明单独使用放疗对累及区域进行治疗后,其预后良好,因此,目前推荐的治疗方法为单独放疗。[54]Nogova L, Reineke T, Eich HT, et al. Extended field radiotherapy, combined modality treatment or involved field radiotherapy for patients with stage IA lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma: a retrospective analysis from the German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG). Ann Oncol. 2005;16:1683-1687.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/16/10/1683http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16093276?tool=bestpractice.com推荐剂量为 30–36 Gy。
急性副作用与治疗的区域和使用的剂量有关。放射治疗纵膈后,大部分患者都会发生食管炎以及明显的吞咽痛,吞咽痛有时会严重到需要使用麻醉性镇痛药才能经口进食。膈肌下放疗会导致恶心和/或腹泻。进行放疗的患者,疲乏是常见的症状。