尽管 EM 通常是一种轻度、自限性疾病,但详尽的病史和临床检查对于确定患者是否存在(将来可避免的)诱发因素非常必要。 像一些比较严重的皮肤黏膜疾病如Steven-Johnson综合征(SJS)和中毒性表皮坏死松解症(TEN)也都需要排除。
病史
虽然病因通常不明,但详细询问近期是否有感染、复发情况、以及新近用药情况等病史是必要的。 在诊断患者为特发性EM之前要仔细寻找病因。[20]Lamoreux MR, Stern MR, Hsu WT. Erythema multiforme. Am Fam Physician. 2006;74:1883-1888.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17168345?tool=bestpractice.com
感染:最常见的相关感染为单纯疱疹病毒 (HSV) 感染和由肺炎支原体引起的感染。[28]Amode R, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Ortonne N et al. Clinical and histologic features of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-related erythema multiforme: A single-center series of 33 cases compared with 100 cases induced by other causes. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;79:110-117.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29559400?tool=bestpractice.com 其他较少见的相关感染包括乙肝病毒感染、EB 病毒感染、巨细胞病毒感染、组织胞浆菌病(伴发结节性红斑)、球孢子菌病、加德纳菌感染和羊痘(由副痘病毒感染引起,可由绵羊和山羊传播至人)。[29]Joseph RH, Haddad FA, Matthews AL, et al. Erythema multiforme after orf virus infection: a report of two cases and literature review. Epidemiol Infect. 2015;143:385-390.https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/div-classtitleerythema-multiforme-after-orf-virus-infection-a-report-of-two-cases-and-literature-reviewdiv/324F9FDF41A60A2218CE2AEE7F78B25D/core-readerhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24810660?tool=bestpractice.com EM也可与带状疱疹相关。[12]Kasuya A, Sakabe J, Kageyama R, et al. Successful differentiation of herpes zoster-associated erythema multiforme from generalized extension of herpes by rapid polymerase chain reaction analysis. J Dermatol. 2014;41:542-544.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24909215?tool=bestpractice.com
药物:相关药物包括氨基青霉素、多西他赛、TNF-α 抑制剂、[13]Borrás-Blasco J, Navarro-Ruiz A, Borrás C, et al. Adverse cutaneous reactions induced by TNF-alpha antagonist therapy. South Med J. 2009;102:1133-1140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864977?tool=bestpractice.com 抗疟药、抗惊厥药、利多卡因注射液(可同时引起 EM 和结节性红斑)、磺胺类药物和非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID)。[18]Sai Keerthana PC, Anila KN, Reshma R. Naproxen induced erythema multiforme - A rare case report. Int J Pharm and Pharmaceutical Sci. 2017;9:294-295.https://innovareacademics.in/journals/index.php/ijpps/article/viewFile/14903/9961 他汀类药物可以诱发光敏性EM。[19]Rodríguez-Pazos L, Sánchez-Aguilar D, Rodríguez-Granados MT, et al. Erythema multiforme photoinduced by statins. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2010;26:216-218.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20626826?tool=bestpractice.com
疫苗和变应原:已知乙型肝炎疫苗和接触性变应原(例如纹身)引起的变态反应也可诱发 EM。[2]Sokumbi O, Wetter DA. Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of erythema multiforme: a review for the practicing dermatologist. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51:889-902.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05348.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22788803?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Bastuji-Garin S, Rzany B, Stern RS, et al. Clinical classification of cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:92-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8420497?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Auquier-Dunant A, Mockenhaupt M, Maldi L, et al. Correlations between clinical patterns and causes of erythema multiforme majus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis: results of an international prospective study. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:1019-1024.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12164739?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Chahal D, Aleshin M, Turegano M et al. Vaccine-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis: A case and systematic review. Dermatol Online J. 2018;24: pii: 13030/qt7qn5268s.https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7qn5268shttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29469759?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Allione A, Dutto L, Castagna E, et al. Erythema multiforme caused by tattoo: a further case. Intern Emerg Med. 2011;6:263-265.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20567939?tool=bestpractice.com
常于诱因发生后数天出现。 一些皮损呈现为初起即为典型的靶形损害;一些由小的红斑发展而来。 起病迅速,皮损多在4至7天内明显增多。 可引起全身不适,皮损直至开始好转时才引起瘙痒。 累及口腔黏膜时疼痛剧烈,更为严重时影响患者摄入流质和食物。
临床检查
EM 表现为典型的靶形损害(环状红斑,外周为红斑带,中心为水疱区,中间夹以正常肤色带)和非典型靶样丘疹(无中心水疱)。临床皮损模式是本病最重要的诊断依据,特征性靶形损害经常对称分布于肢体。靶样损害更常呈向心性分布。靶形损害存在时,快速进展的靶样损害进一步证实 EM 的诊断。对于重症 EM 患者,还应该检查口腔、眼、鼻、外生殖器等黏膜部位有无糜烂。当出现典型的靶形损害及轻度黏膜受累时,应高度怀疑 EM,在伴随 HSV 感染或肺炎支原体感染时,尤其如此。
应进行更全面的体格检查以发现任何可能的感染原因。HSV 感染以具有红斑基底的群集水疱为特征。鼓膜发红以及干啰音、湿啰音和/或哮鸣音均高度提示肺炎支原体感染。乙肝病毒感染患者经常有肝肿大。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 掌部靶形损害来自医学博士 Nanette Silverberg 的个人收藏;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 靶形损害和靶形损害来自医学博士 Nanette Silverberg 的个人收藏;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 由复发性HSV-1感染引起的面部和黏膜糜烂部位的靶形损害伴有结痂来自医学博士 Nanette Silverberg 的个人收藏;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].
实验室评估
大多数EM可通过病史和临床检查确诊,而不需要进一步的检查。 但当临床检查不能确诊时,可做组织病理切片HE染色。 如果仍不能确诊,可以做免疫荧光染色。
如果临床检查未明确病因,应进行实验室检查以明确病因。由于 HSV 和支原体感染是 EM 最常见的诱发因素,应首先进行全血细胞计数、电解质检查、HSV 血清学检测、冷凝集试验、肺炎支原体滴度检测和/或胸部 X 线检查(具体取决于患者的临床情况)。如果以上检查结果均为阴性,应检查其他不太常见的感染因素(例如肝功能检查和乙型肝炎病毒血清学检查)。通过快速聚合酶链反应可鉴别带状疱疹相关性 EM 与播散性疱疹。[12]Kasuya A, Sakabe J, Kageyama R, et al. Successful differentiation of herpes zoster-associated erythema multiforme from generalized extension of herpes by rapid polymerase chain reaction analysis. J Dermatol. 2014;41:542-544.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24909215?tool=bestpractice.com
HSV血清学检查有助于诊断未发现特异性HSV皮疹的复发性EM。 已在复发性 EM 患者中发现抗桥粒斑蛋白抗体。[27]Wetter DA, Davis MD. Recurrent erythema multiforme: clinical characteristics, etiologic associations, and treatment in a series of 48 patients at Mayo Clinic, 2000 to 2007. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:45-53.http://www.jaad.org/article/S0190-9622(09)00778-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19665257?tool=bestpractice.com
与Stevens-Johnson综合征和中毒性表皮坏死松解症相鉴别
诊断EM前应排除一些重症疾病,其中包括SJS和TEN。 这些重症疾病中常见饮食受限、排尿受阻,当然也可见于重症EM中。[2]Sokumbi O, Wetter DA. Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of erythema multiforme: a review for the practicing dermatologist. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51:889-902.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05348.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22788803?tool=bestpractice.com[3]French LE, Prins C. Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, eds. Dermatology. 2nd ed. London, UK: Mosby-Elsevier; 2008:287-300.[4]Bastuji-Garin S, Rzany B, Stern RS, et al. Clinical classification of cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:92-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8420497?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Assier H, Bastuji-Garin S, Revuz J, et al. Erythema multiforme with mucous membrane involvement and Stevens-Johnson syndrome are clinically different disorders with distinct causes. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131:539-543.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7741539?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Auquier-Dunant A, Mockenhaupt M, Maldi L, et al. Correlations between clinical patterns and causes of erythema multiforme majus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis: results of an international prospective study. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:1019-1024.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12164739?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Cote B, Wechsler J, Bastuji-Garin S. Clinicopathologic correlation in erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131:1268-1272.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7503570?tool=bestpractice.com SJS 中皮肤受累面积常小于10%体表面积,且口腔及生殖器黏膜受累更广泛。常有前驱药物服用史。TEN中皮肤大片脱落,受累面积常超过体表面积的30%。如果难以将EM疑似病例与SJS或TEN相鉴别,可进行两项检查:
TEN的典型表现为Asboe-Hansen征,即对水疱侧方施压可使水疱扩大,说明基底层角质形成细胞出现坏死。 SJS 和 TEN 还存在触摸时皮肤脱落的尼氏征,而 EM 不存在该表现。[2]Sokumbi O, Wetter DA. Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of erythema multiforme: a review for the practicing dermatologist. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51:889-902.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05348.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22788803?tool=bestpractice.com
组织活检和冰冻组织切片检查能够证实SJS和TEN中角质形成细胞坏死。 在 EM 组织病理学中,单核细胞浸润及红细胞外渗更为典型;无表皮坏死,炎性浸润位于真皮内。[2]Sokumbi O, Wetter DA. Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of erythema multiforme: a review for the practicing dermatologist. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51:889-902.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05348.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22788803?tool=bestpractice.com[3]French LE, Prins C. Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, eds. Dermatology. 2nd ed. London, UK: Mosby-Elsevier; 2008:287-300.[4]Bastuji-Garin S, Rzany B, Stern RS, et al. Clinical classification of cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:92-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8420497?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Assier H, Bastuji-Garin S, Revuz J, et al. Erythema multiforme with mucous membrane involvement and Stevens-Johnson syndrome are clinically different disorders with distinct causes. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131:539-543.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7741539?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Sundram U. A review of important skin disorders occurring in the posttransplantation patient. Adv Anat Pathol. 2014;21:321-329.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25105934?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Cote B, Wechsler J, Bastuji-Garin S. Clinicopathologic correlation in erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131:1268-1272.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7503570?tool=bestpractice.com