老年患者中从站立高度跌倒而导致的髋部骨折在髋部骨折中所占的比例最高。[9]Court-Brown C, McQueen M, Tornetta P III. Trauma, 1st ed. Orthopaedic surgery essentials series. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[11]Allander E, Gullberg B, Johnell O, et al. Falls and hip fracture. A reasonable basis for possibilities for prevention? Some preliminary data from the MEDOS study Mediterranean Osteoporosis Study. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1996;103:49-52;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8966490?tool=bestpractice.com 这与骨质减少或骨质疏松疾病有关。[16]Court-Brown CM, Caesar B. Epidemiology of adult fractures: a review. Injury. 2006 Aug;37(8):691-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16814787?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Cummings SR, Black DM, Rubin SM. Lifetime risks of hip, Colles', or vertebral fracture and coronary heart disease among white postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med. 1989 Nov;149(11):2445-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2818106?tool=bestpractice.com 美国国立卫生研究院(NIH,US)共识会议将骨质疏松症定义为“一种以损害骨强度、使人骨折风险增加的骨骼疾病。骨强度反映了骨骼的两个主要方面:骨密度和骨质量。”[18]National Institutes of Health (NIH). Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. NIH Consens Statement. 2000 Mar 27-29;17(1):1-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11525451?tool=bestpractice.com WHO 将骨质疏松症定义为骨矿密度较青壮年正常峰值的降低程度等于或小于 2.5 个标准差。[19]NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA. 2001 Feb 14;285(6):785-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11176917?tool=bestpractice.com 将骨质减少定义为 T 值骨矿密度较青壮年正常峰值的降低程度介于 -1.0 至 -2.5 个标准差。[9]Court-Brown C, McQueen M, Tornetta P III. Trauma, 1st ed. Orthopaedic surgery essentials series. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[19]NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA. 2001 Feb 14;285(6):785-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11176917?tool=bestpractice.com 骨量峰值的降低程度每减少 1 个标准差,男性和女性罹患股骨近端骨折的风险几乎增加三倍。[20]Johnell O, Kanis JA, Oden A, et al. Predictive value of BMD for hip and other fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2005 Jul;20(7):1185-94.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1359/JBMR.050304/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15940371?tool=bestpractice.com 还发现骨矿密度低与阿尔茨海默氏痴呆有关联。 实际上,近期有研究表明,阿尔茨海默氏痴呆患者罹患髋部骨折的风险可能增加,部分程度上可能源于骨矿密度低。[21]Zhao Y, Shen L, Ji HF. Alzheimer's disease and risk of hip fracture: a meta-analysis study. Sci World J. 2012;2012:872173.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2012/872173/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22629218?tool=bestpractice.com
较年轻患者中,主要病因学为高能量创伤,包括机动车事故和从高处坠落。[15]Robinson CM, Court-Brown CM, McQueen MM, et al. Hip fractures in adults younger than 50 years of age. Epidemiology and results. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995 Mar;(312):238-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7634609?tool=bestpractice.com