髋骨折

National Institutes of Health (NIH). Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. NIH Consens Statement. 2000 Mar 27-29;17(1):1-45.

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National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hip fracture: management. May 2017. [internet publication].

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Gillespie WJ, Walenkamp G. Antibiotic prophylaxis for surgery for proximal femoral and other closed long bone fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Mar 17;(3):CD000244.

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Bhandari M, Devereaux PJ, Tornetta P 3rd, et al. Operative management of displaced femoral neck fractures in elderly patients. An international survey. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Sep;87(9):2122-30.

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Bhandari M, Devereaux PJ, Swiontkowski MF, et al. Internal fixation compared with arthroplasty for displaced fractures of the femoral neck. A meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Sep;85-A(9):1673-81.

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Parker MJ, Gurusamy K. Internal fixation versus arthroplasty for intracapsular proximal femoral fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD001708.

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Parker MJ, Gurusamy KS. Internal fixation implants for intracapsular hip fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(4):CD001467.

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Brown JP, Josse RG. 2002 clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada. CMAJ. 2002 Nov 12;167(10 Suppl):S1-34.

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1.  Garden RS. Reduction and fixation of subcapital fractures of the femur. Orthop Clin North Am. 1974 Oct;5(4):683-712.

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2.  Beimers L, Kreder HJ, Berry GK, et al. Subcapital hip fractures: the Garden classification should be replaced, not collapsed. Can J Surg. 2002 Dec;45(6):411-4.

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3.  Evans EM. The treatment of trochanteric fractures of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1949 May;31B(2):190-203.

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4.  Orthopaedic Trauma Association Committee for Coding and Classification. Fracture and dislocation compendium. J Orthop Trauma. 1996;10 Suppl 1:v-ix, 1-154.

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5.  Pauwels F. Biomechanics of the normal and diseased hip. New York, NY: Springer; 1976:83.

6.  Bartonicek J. Pauwels' classification of femoral neck fractures: correct interpretation of the original. J Orthop Trauma. 2001 Jun-Jul;15(5):358-60.

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7.  Cummings SR, Rubin SM, Black D. The future of hip fractures in the United States. Numbers, costs, and potential effects of postmenopausal estrogen. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990 Mar;(252):163-6.

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8.  Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al. Long-term risk of osteoporotic fracture in Malmö. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(8):669-74.

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9.  Court-Brown C, McQueen M, Tornetta P III. Trauma, 1st ed. Orthopaedic surgery essentials series. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.

10.  Papadimitropoulos EA, Coyte PC, Josse RG, et al. Current and projected rates of hip fracture in Canada. CMAJ. 1997 Nov 15;157(10):1357-63.

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11.  Allander E, Gullberg B, Johnell O, et al. Falls and hip fracture. A reasonable basis for possibilities for prevention? Some preliminary data from the MEDOS study Mediterranean Osteoporosis Study. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1996;103:49-52;

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12.  Allander E, Gullberg B, Johnell O, et al. Circumstances around the fall in a multinational hip fracture risk study: a diverse pattern for prevention. MEDOS Study Group. Mediterranean Osteoporosis Study. Accid Anal Prev. 1998 Sep;30(5):607-16.

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13.  Rubenstein LZ, Josephson KR. The epidemiology of falls and syncope. Clin Geriatr Med. 2002 May;18(2):141-58.

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14.  Rubenstein LZ, Josephson KR, Osterweil D. Falls and fall prevention in the nursing home. Clin Geriatr Med. 1996 Nov;12(4):881-902.

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15.  Robinson CM, Court-Brown CM, McQueen MM, et al. Hip fractures in adults younger than 50 years of age. Epidemiology and results. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995 Mar;(312):238-46.

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16.  Court-Brown CM, Caesar B. Epidemiology of adult fractures: a review. Injury. 2006 Aug;37(8):691-7.

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17.  Cummings SR, Black DM, Rubin SM. Lifetime risks of hip, Colles', or vertebral fracture and coronary heart disease among white postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med. 1989 Nov;149(11):2445-8.

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18.  National Institutes of Health (NIH). Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. NIH Consens Statement. 2000 Mar 27-29;17(1):1-45.

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19.  NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA. 2001 Feb 14;285(6):785-95.

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20.  Johnell O, Kanis JA, Oden A, et al. Predictive value of BMD for hip and other fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2005 Jul;20(7):1185-94.

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21.  Zhao Y, Shen L, Ji HF. Alzheimer's disease and risk of hip fracture: a meta-analysis study. Sci World J. 2012;2012:872173.

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22.  Blain H, Chavassieux P, Portero-Muzy N, et al. Cortical and trabecular bone distribution in the femoral neck in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Bone. 2008 Nov;43(5):862-8.

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23.  Dunstan CR, Somers NM, Evans RA. Osteocyte death and hip fracture. Calcif Tissue Int. 1993;53 Suppl 1:S113-6; discussion S116-7.

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24.  Zgoda M, Gorecki A, Bartlomiejczyk I, et al. Femoral neck fracture is accompanied by local changes in the content of transforming growth factor-beta1, interleukin-1beta and collagenase activity. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2007 Apr-Jun;7(2):161-5.

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25.  De Laet C, Kanis JA, Oden A, et al. Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2005 Nov;16(11):1330-8.

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26.  Oliver D, Connelly JB, Victor CR, et al. Strategies to prevent falls and fractures in hospitals and care homes and effect of cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2007 Jan 13;334(7584):82.

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27.  Cameron ID, Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Dec 12;12:CD005465.

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28.  Parker MJ, Gillespie WJ, Gillespie LD. Effectiveness of hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in elderly people: systematic review. BMJ. 2006 Mar 11;332(7541):571-4.

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29.  Santesso N, Carrasco-Labra A, Brignardello-Petersen R. Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(3):CD001255.

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30.  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Falls in older people: assessing risk and prevention. June 2013. [internet publication].

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31.  Jensen JS. Classification of trochanteric fractures. Acta Orthop Scand. 1980 Oct;51(5):803-10.

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32.  Frihagen F, Nordsletten L, Tariq R, et al. MRI diagnosis of occult hip fractures. Acta Orthop. 2005 Aug;76(4):524-30.

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33.  Verbeeten KM, Hermann KL, Hasselqvist M, et al. The advantages of MRI in the detection of occult hip fractures. Eur Radiol. 2005 Jan;15(1):165-9.

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34.  Rubin SJ, Marquardt JD, Gottlieb RH, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging: a cost-effective alternative to bone scintigraphy in the evaluation of patients with suspected hip fractures. Skeletal Radiol. 1998 Apr;27(4):199-204.

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35.  American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: acute hip pain - suspected fracture. 2013. [internet publication].

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36.  Handoll HH, Parker MJ. Conservative versus operative treatment for hip fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16;(3):CD000337.

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37.  Mak JC, Cameron ID, March LM; National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia). Evidence-based guidelines for the management of hip fractures in older persons: an update. Med J Aust. 2010 Jan 4;192(1):37-41.

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38.  Khan SK, Kalra S, Khanna A, et al. Timing of surgery for hip fractures: a systematic review of 52 published studies involving 291,413 patients. Injury. 2009 Jul;40(7):692-7.

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39.  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hip fracture: management. May 2017. [internet publication].

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40.  Simunovic N, Devereaux PJ, Sprague S, et al. Effect of early surgery after hip fracture on mortality and complications: systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2010 Oct 19;182(15):1609-16.

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41.  Moja L, Piatti A, Pecoraro V, et al. Timing matters in hip fracture surgery: patients operated within 48 hours have better outcomes. A meta-analysis and meta-regression of over 190,000 patients. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46175.

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42.  Southwell-Keely JP, Russo RR, March L, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in hip fracture surgery: a metaanalysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;Feb:179-184.

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43.  Gillespie WJ, Walenkamp G. Antibiotic prophylaxis for surgery for proximal femoral and other closed long bone fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Mar 17;(3):CD000244.

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44.  Bhandari M, Devereaux PJ, Tornetta P 3rd, et al. Operative management of displaced femoral neck fractures in elderly patients. An international survey. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Sep;87(9):2122-30.

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45.  Duckworth AD, Bennet SJ, Aderinto J, et al. Fixation of intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck in young patients: risk factors for failure. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011 Jun;93(6):811-6.

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46.  Lowe JA, Crist BD, Bhandari M, et al. Optimal treatment of femoral neck fractures according to patient's physiologic age: an evidence-based review. Orthop Clin North Am. 2010 Apr;41(2):157-66.

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47.  Bhandari M, Devereaux PJ, Swiontkowski MF, et al. Internal fixation compared with arthroplasty for displaced fractures of the femoral neck. A meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Sep;85-A(9):1673-81.

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48.  Parker MJ, Gurusamy K. Internal fixation versus arthroplasty for intracapsular proximal femoral fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD001708.

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49.  Burgers PT, Van Geene AR, Van den Bekerom MP, et al. Total hip arthroplasty versus hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures in the healthy elderly: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized trials. Int Orthop. 2012 Aug;36(8):1549-60.

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50.  Liao L, Zhao JM, Su W, et al. A meta-analysis of total hip arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty outcomes for displaced femoral neck fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012 Jul;132(7):1021-9.

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51.  Yu L, Wang Y, Chen J. Total hip arthroplasty versus hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012 Aug;470(8):2235-43.

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52.  Parker MJ, Gurusamy KS. Internal fixation implants for intracapsular hip fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(4):CD001467.

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53.  Bhandari M, Jin L, See K, et al. Does teriparatide improve femoral neck fracture healing: results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016 May;474(5):1234-44.

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54.  Keating JF, Grant A, Masson M, et al. Displaced intracapsular hip fractures in fit, older people: a randomised comparison of reduction and fixation, bipolar hemiarthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty. Health Technol Assess. 2005 Oct;9(41):iii-iv, ix-x, 1-65.

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55.  Parker MJ, Gurusamy K, Azegami S. Arthroplasties (with and without bone cement) for proximal femoral fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jun 16;(6):CD001706.

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56.  Keating JF, Grant A, Masson M, et al. Randomized comparison of reduction and fixation, bipolar hemiarthroplasty, and total hip arthroplasty. Treatment of displaced intracapsular hip fractures in healthy older patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Feb;88(2):249-60.

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57.  Goh SK, Samuel M, Su DH, et al. Meta-analysis comparing total hip arthroplasty with hemiarthroplasty in the treatment of displaced neck of femur fracture. J Arthroplasty. 2009 Apr;24(3):400-6.

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58.  Alolabi N, Alolabi B, Mundi R, et al. Surgical preferences of patients at risk of hip fractures: hemiarthroplasty versus total hip arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011 Dec 23;12:289.

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59.  Parker MI, Pryor G, Gurusamy K. Cemented versus uncemented hemiarthroplasty for intracapsular hip fractures: A randomised controlled trial in 400 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010 Jan;92(1):116-22.

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60.  Figved W, Opland V, Frihagen F, et al. Cemented versus uncemented hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009 Sep;467(9):2426-35.

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61.  Inngul C, Blomfeldt R, Ponzer S, et al. Cemented versus uncemented arthroplasty in patients with a displaced fracture of the femoral neck: a randomised controlled trial. Bone Joint J. 2015 Nov;97-B(11):1475-80.

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62.  Mak JC, Cameron ID, March LM; National Health and Medical Research Council. Evidence-based guidelines for the management of hip fractures in older persons: an update. Med J Aust. 2010 Jan 4;192(1):37-41.

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63.  Parker MJ, Handoll HH. Gamma and other cephalocondylic intramedullary nails versus extramedullary implants for extracapsular hip fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Sep 8;(9):CD000093.

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64.  Bhandari M, Schemitsch E, Jönsson A, et al. Gamma nails revisited: gamma nails versus compression hip screws in the management of intertrochanteric fractures of the hip: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Trauma. 2009 Jul;23(6):460-4.

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65.  Norris R, Bhattacharjee D, Parker MJ. Occurrence of secondary fracture around intramedullary nails used for trochanteric hip fractures: a systematic review of 13,568 patients. Injury. 2012 Jun;43(6):706-11.

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66.  Huang X, Leung F, Xiang Z, et al. Proximal femoral nail versus dynamic hip screw fixation for trochanteric fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ScientificWorldJournal. 2013;2013:805805.

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67.  Matre K, Vinje T, Havelin LI, et al. TRIGEN INTERTAN intramedullary nail versus sliding hip screw: a prospective, randomized multicenter study on pain, function, and complications in 684 patients with an intertrochanteric or subtrochanteric fracture and one year of follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Feb 6;95(3):200-8.

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68.  Reindl R, Harvey EJ, Berry GK, et al; Canadian Orthopedic Trauma Society (COTS). Intramedullary versus extramedullary fixation for unstable intertrochanteric fractures: a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 Dec 2;97(23):1905-12.

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69.  Haidukewych GJ, Israel TA, Berry DJ. Reverse obliquity fractures of the intertrochanteric region of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001 May;83-A(5):643-50.

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70.  Queally JM, Harris E, Handoll HH, et al. Intramedullary nails for extracapsular hip fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Sep 12;(9):CD004961.

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71.  Cameron ID. Coordinated multidisciplinary rehabilitation after hip fracture. Disabil Rehabil. 2005 Sep 30-Oct 15;27(18-19):1081-90.

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72.  Foss NB, Kristensen MT, Palm H, et al. Postoperative pain after hip fracture is procedure specific. Br J Anaesth. 2009 Jan;102(1):111-6.

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73.  Foss NB, Kristensen MT, Kristensen BB, et al. Effect of postoperative epidural analgesia on rehabilitation and pain after hip fracture surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-cotrolled trial. Anesthesiology. 2005 Jun;102(6):1197-204.

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74.  Momsen AM, Rasmussen JO, Nielsen CV, et al. Multidisciplinary team care in rehabilitation: an overview of reviews. J Rehabil Med. 2012 Nov;44(11):901-12.

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75.  Chudyk AM, Jutai JW, Petrella RJ, et al. Systematic review of hip fracture rehabilitation practices in the elderly. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009 Feb;90(2):246-62.

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76.  Prestmo A, Hagen G, Sletvold O, et al. Comprehensive geriatric care for patients with hip fractures: a prospective, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Apr 25;385(9978):1623-33.

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77.  Handoll HH, Cameron ID, Mak JC, et al. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for older people with hip fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7;(4):CD007125.

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78.  Crotty M, Unroe K, Cameron ID, et al. Rehabilitation interventions for improving physical and psychosocial functioning after hip fracture in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD007624.

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79.  Auais MA, Eilayyan O, Mayo NE. Extended exercise rehabilitation after hip fracture improves patients' physical function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther. 2012 Nov;92(11):1437-51.

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80.  Handoll HH, Queally JM, Parker MJ. Pre-operative traction for hip fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Dec 7;(12):CD000168.

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81.  Jain R, Koo M, Kreder HJ, et al. Comparison of early and delayed fixation of subcapital hip fractures in patients sixty years of age or less. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002 Sep;84-A(9):1605-12.

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82.  Dedrick DK, Mackenzie JR, Burney RE. Complications of femoral neck fracture in young adults. J Trauma. 1986 Oct;26(10):932-7.

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83.  Brown JP, Josse RG. 2002 clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada. CMAJ. 2002 Nov 12;167(10 Suppl):S1-34.

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84.  Beaudoin FL, Haran JP, Liebmann O. A comparison of ultrasound-guided three-in-one femoral nerve block versus parenteral opioids alone for analgesia in emergency department patients with hip fractures: a randomized controlled trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2013 Jun;20(6):584-91.

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85.  Magaziner J, Simonsick EM, Kashner TM, et al. Predictors of functional recovery one year following hospital discharge for hip fracture: a prospective study. J Gerontol. 1990 May;45(3):M101-7.

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86.  Fredman L, Hawkes WG, Black S, et al. Elderly patients with hip fracture with positive affect have better functional recovery over 2 years. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006 Jul;54(7):1074-81.

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87.  Thorngren KG. Fractures in the elderly. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1995 Oct;266:208-10.

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88.  Thorngren KG. Fractures in older persons. Disabil Rehabil. 1994 Jul-Sep;16(3):119-26.

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89.  Borgquist L, Ceder L, Thorngren KG. Function and social status 10 years after hip fracture. Prospective follow-up of 103 patients. Acta Orthop Scand. 1990 Oct;61(5):404-10.

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90.  Marottoli RA, Berkman LF, Cooney LM Jr. Decline in physical function following hip fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992 Sep;40(9):861-6.

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91.  Marottoli RA, Berkman LF, Leo-Summers L, et al. Predictors of mortality and institutionalization after hip fracture: the New Haven EPESE (Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly) cohort. Am J Public Health. 1994 Nov;84(11):1807-12.

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92.  Smith T, Pelpola K, Ball M, et al. Pre-operative indicators for mortality following hip fracture surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2014 Jul;43(4):464-71.

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93.  Farooqi V, van den Berg ME, Cameron ID, et al. Anabolic steroids for rehabilitation after hip fracture in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Oct 6;(10):CD008887.

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94.  Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, et al. Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 11;3:CD005563.

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95.  Grigoryan KV, Javedan H, Rudolph JL. Orthogeriatric care models and outcomes in hip fracture patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Trauma. 2014 Mar;28(3):e49-55.

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96.  Testroote M, Stigter WA, Janssen L, et al. Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with lower-leg immobilization. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Apr 25;(4):CD006681.

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97.  Falck-Ytter Y, Francis CW, Johanson NA, et al; American College of Chest Physicians. Prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e278S-e325S.

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98.  Forster R, Stewart M. Anticoagulants (extended duration) for prevention of venous thromboembolism following total hip or knee replacement or hip fracture repair. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 30;3:CD004179.

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99.  Marsland D, Mears SC, Kates SL. Venous thromboembolic prophylaxis for hip fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2010 Dec;21(Suppl 4):S593-604.

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100.  Qaseem A, Snow V, Shekelle P, et al; Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians. Pharmacologic treatment of low bone density or osteoporosis to prevent fractures: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Sep 16;149(6):404-15.

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101.  North American Menopause Society. Management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: 2010 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2010 Jan-Feb;17(1):25-54;

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102.  Bell JJ, Bauer JD, Capra S, et al. Quick and easy is not without cost: implications of poorly performing nutrition screening tools in hip fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014 Feb;62(2):237-43.

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