最常见的治疗方法是外科手术,且视骨折位置和是否移位而定。 与传统方法(卧床休息和牵引)相比,手术治疗可缩短住院时间且改善恢复效果。[36]Handoll HH, Parker MJ. Conservative versus operative treatment for hip fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16;(3):CD000337.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000337.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18646065?tool=bestpractice.com并发症:有中等质量证据表明,与骨折内固定相比,非移位性囊内骨折的保守治疗似乎增加了骨折不愈合风险。 与手术治疗相比,囊外骨折的保守治疗 6 个月后似乎增加腿缩短和内翻畸形的患者比例。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 多篇指南建议,进行医学评估后尽早给予手术治疗是推荐的方法。[37]Mak JC, Cameron ID, March LM; National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia). Evidence-based guidelines for the management of hip fractures in older persons: an update. Med J Aust. 2010 Jan 4;192(1):37-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047547?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Khan SK, Kalra S, Khanna A, et al. Timing of surgery for hip fractures: a systematic review of 52 published studies involving 291,413 patients. Injury. 2009 Jul;40(7):692-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19450802?tool=bestpractice.com[39]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hip fracture: management. May 2017. [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg124 住院后 48 小时内进行手术可能会降低发病率,并且可能会缩短住院时间。[37]Mak JC, Cameron ID, March LM; National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia). Evidence-based guidelines for the management of hip fractures in older persons: an update. Med J Aust. 2010 Jan 4;192(1):37-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047547?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Khan SK, Kalra S, Khanna A, et al. Timing of surgery for hip fractures: a systematic review of 52 published studies involving 291,413 patients. Injury. 2009 Jul;40(7):692-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19450802?tool=bestpractice.com 事实上,荟萃分析表明,早期手术与死亡率风险降低 29%,以及院内肺炎(相对风险降低 41%)和褥疮(相对风险降低 52%)发病下降相关。[40]Simunovic N, Devereaux PJ, Sprague S, et al. Effect of early surgery after hip fracture on mortality and complications: systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2010 Oct 19;182(15):1609-16.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/182/15/1609.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20837683?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Moja L, Piatti A, Pecoraro V, et al. Timing matters in hip fracture surgery: patients operated within 48 hours have better outcomes. A meta-analysis and meta-regression of over 190,000 patients. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46175.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0046175http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23056256?tool=bestpractice.com
术前抗菌素治疗
荟萃分析的结果表明,预防性抗生素显著降低术后浅表性很深层伤口感染的风险,根据不同分析,相对风险降低 45% 到 60%。[42]Southwell-Keely JP, Russo RR, March L, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in hip fracture surgery: a metaanalysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;Feb:179-184.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15021151?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Gillespie WJ, Walenkamp G. Antibiotic prophylaxis for surgery for proximal femoral and other closed long bone fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Mar 17;(3):CD000244.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000244.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20238310?tool=bestpractice.com 使用多种抗生素或抗生素使用超过 24 小时不会进一步影响术后感染。诱导前 1 个小时或诱导时使用养生法的大部分试验和输送的大部分抗生素均是静脉注射,属第一代或第二代头孢菌素;[42]Southwell-Keely JP, Russo RR, March L, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in hip fracture surgery: a metaanalysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;Feb:179-184.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15021151?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Gillespie WJ, Walenkamp G. Antibiotic prophylaxis for surgery for proximal femoral and other closed long bone fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Mar 17;(3):CD000244.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000244.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20238310?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,应遵循局部敏感性和指南。并发症:高质量的证据表明,与安慰剂或未采取抗生素治疗的对照组相比,预防性抗生素降低术后创伤感染和各种尿路感染的风险,并可能降低呼吸道感染的风险。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 一份系统性回顾和荟萃分析表明,单剂量和多剂量抗生素预防在效应大小类似的情况下,均可降低手术深层部位感染风险。[43]Gillespie WJ, Walenkamp G. Antibiotic prophylaxis for surgery for proximal femoral and other closed long bone fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Mar 17;(3):CD000244.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000244.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20238310?tool=bestpractice.com
囊内(股骨颈)骨折
非移位性
在大多数情况下,治疗方法是采用动力髋螺钉或多个空心螺丝进行内固定。[37]Mak JC, Cameron ID, March LM; National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia). Evidence-based guidelines for the management of hip fractures in older persons: an update. Med J Aust. 2010 Jan 4;192(1):37-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047547?tool=bestpractice.com
移位性
对于 60 岁以下的患者,大部分外科医生更常用紧急(自受伤起小于 12-24 小时)切开复位术和内固定,部分原因是股骨头缺血性坏死潜在风险增加。 但是,证据表明缺血性坏死率和手术时机相冲突。[44]Bhandari M, Devereaux PJ, Tornetta P 3rd, et al. Operative management of displaced femoral neck fractures in elderly patients. An international survey. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Sep;87(9):2122-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16140828?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Duckworth AD, Bennet SJ, Aderinto J, et al. Fixation of intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck in young patients: risk factors for failure. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011 Jun;93(6):811-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21586782?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Lowe JA, Crist BD, Bhandari M, et al. Optimal treatment of femoral neck fractures according to patient's physiologic age: an evidence-based review. Orthop Clin North Am. 2010 Apr;41(2):157-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20399355?tool=bestpractice.com
对于 60 岁至 80 岁的患者,则采取保守治疗。[44]Bhandari M, Devereaux PJ, Tornetta P 3rd, et al. Operative management of displaced femoral neck fractures in elderly patients. An international survey. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Sep;87(9):2122-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16140828?tool=bestpractice.com 荟萃分析中的证据表明,与内固定相比,关节成形术显著降低手术 1 年后的修正手术风险,不会增加手术 1 年后的发病率风险,但会显著增加感染和失血风险,并增加手术时间。[47]Bhandari M, Devereaux PJ, Swiontkowski MF, et al. Internal fixation compared with arthroplasty for displaced fractures of the femoral neck. A meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Sep;85-A(9):1673-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12954824?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Parker MJ, Gurusamy K. Internal fixation versus arthroplasty for intracapsular proximal femoral fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD001708.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001708.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17054139?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Burgers PT, Van Geene AR, Van den Bekerom MP, et al. Total hip arthroplasty versus hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures in the healthy elderly: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized trials. Int Orthop. 2012 Aug;36(8):1549-60.http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00264-012-1569-7/fulltext.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22623062?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Liao L, Zhao JM, Su W, et al. A meta-analysis of total hip arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty outcomes for displaced femoral neck fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012 Jul;132(7):1021-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22446696?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Yu L, Wang Y, Chen J. Total hip arthroplasty versus hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012 Aug;470(8):2235-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3392403/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22395872?tool=bestpractice.com并发症和治疗失败:低质量的证据表明,与关节成形术相比,内固定在减少深创伤感染方面可能更有效,可能与罹患移位囊内骨折的老年人的手术创伤较少有关,但在降低主要的方法相关性并发症方面可能不太有效。 内固定可能增加后续修正手术需求。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
对于 80 岁以上的患者,大部分外科医生更常用关节成形术。[18]National Institutes of Health (NIH). Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. NIH Consens Statement. 2000 Mar 27-29;17(1):1-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11525451?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Bhandari M, Devereaux PJ, Tornetta P 3rd, et al. Operative management of displaced femoral neck fractures in elderly patients. An international survey. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Sep;87(9):2122-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16140828?tool=bestpractice.com
尚不明确是否应采用多颗螺钉或动力髋螺钉进行内固定。[52]Parker MJ, Gurusamy KS. Internal fixation implants for intracapsular hip fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(4):CD001467.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001467/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11687113?tool=bestpractice.com 并且,使用重组甲状旁腺素特立帕肽作为骨折手术的辅助治疗开展了随机试验,发现相对于安慰剂没有明显益处。[53]Bhandari M, Jin L, See K, et al. Does teriparatide improve femoral neck fracture healing: results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016 May;474(5):1234-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26932738?tool=bestpractice.com
关于关节成形术方法,目前最佳证据表明,全髋关节成形术可能比半关节成形术更能降低疼痛和功能性限制。[54]Keating JF, Grant A, Masson M, et al. Displaced intracapsular hip fractures in fit, older people: a randomised comparison of reduction and fixation, bipolar hemiarthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty. Health Technol Assess. 2005 Oct;9(41):iii-iv, ix-x, 1-65.https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta9410/#/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16202351?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Parker MJ, Gurusamy K, Azegami S. Arthroplasties (with and without bone cement) for proximal femoral fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jun 16;(6):CD001706.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001706.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20556753?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Keating JF, Grant A, Masson M, et al. Randomized comparison of reduction and fixation, bipolar hemiarthroplasty, and total hip arthroplasty. Treatment of displaced intracapsular hip fractures in healthy older patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Feb;88(2):249-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16452734?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Goh SK, Samuel M, Su DH, et al. Meta-analysis comparing total hip arthroplasty with hemiarthroplasty in the treatment of displaced neck of femur fracture. J Arthroplasty. 2009 Apr;24(3):400-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18701252?tool=bestpractice.com关节活动性和功能状态:低质量的证据表明,与全髋关节置换术相比,双极型半关节成形术在改善行走和功能评分方面可能效果不佳,但我们不知道老年人中粘合型半关节成形术在手术 1 年到 2 年后在降低故障、恢复关节活动性方面是否更有效。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 然而,其代价可能是全髋关节成形术后的髋脱位风险略微升高。[47]Bhandari M, Devereaux PJ, Swiontkowski MF, et al. Internal fixation compared with arthroplasty for displaced fractures of the femoral neck. A meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Sep;85-A(9):1673-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12954824?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Burgers PT, Van Geene AR, Van den Bekerom MP, et al. Total hip arthroplasty versus hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures in the healthy elderly: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized trials. Int Orthop. 2012 Aug;36(8):1549-60.http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00264-012-1569-7/fulltext.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22623062?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Keating JF, Grant A, Masson M, et al. Randomized comparison of reduction and fixation, bipolar hemiarthroplasty, and total hip arthroplasty. Treatment of displaced intracapsular hip fractures in healthy older patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Feb;88(2):249-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16452734?tool=bestpractice.com 有趣的是,在一份决策委员会研究中,当询问患者如果罹患移位股骨颈骨折,他们会偏好哪一种治疗程序时,93% 的参与者选择全髋置换术作为首选治疗方案,而并非半关节成形术。他们做出这一决定的重要原因是考虑到较长的步行距离、减少余痛及降低再次手术的风险。[58]Alolabi N, Alolabi B, Mundi R, et al. Surgical preferences of patients at risk of hip fractures: hemiarthroplasty versus total hip arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011 Dec 23;12:289.http://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2474-12-289http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22196211?tool=bestpractice.com
不同的半关节成形术选择之间,新出现证据表明,骨水泥型 Thompson 假体比老的非骨水泥型 Austin-Moore 假体更可以改善治疗效果(疼痛减少且关节活动度增加)。 还经常使用更新的羟磷灰石涂层的非硬质股骨柄;然而,接受关节成形术的 141 例 65 岁以上股骨颈骨折患者的随机数据提示,粘合型股骨颈相对于现代的非粘合型股骨柄可改善功能性结局评分。[59]Parker MI, Pryor G, Gurusamy K. Cemented versus uncemented hemiarthroplasty for intracapsular hip fractures: A randomised controlled trial in 400 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010 Jan;92(1):116-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044689?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Figved W, Opland V, Frihagen F, et al. Cemented versus uncemented hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009 Sep;467(9):2426-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19130162?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Inngul C, Blomfeldt R, Ponzer S, et al. Cemented versus uncemented arthroplasty in patients with a displaced fracture of the femoral neck: a randomised controlled trial. Bone Joint J. 2015 Nov;97-B(11):1475-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26530648?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 骨盆前后位 X 线照片显示采用滑动髋螺钉构造固定的左髋囊内骨折源自理科硕士、医学博士、加拿大皇家外科医学院院士 Bradley A. Petrisor 和医学博士、理科硕士、加拿大皇家外科医学院院士 Mohit Bhandari 的丛书 [Citation ends].
囊外(股骨粗隆间)骨折
非移位性
治疗方法是采用动力髋螺钉或髓内钉进行内固定。[62]Mak JC, Cameron ID, March LM; National Health and Medical Research Council. Evidence-based guidelines for the management of hip fractures in older persons: an update. Med J Aust. 2010 Jan 4;192(1):37-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047547?tool=bestpractice.com
移位性(稳定或不稳定)
手术治疗包括采用动力髋螺钉或髓内钉[20]Johnell O, Kanis JA, Oden A, et al. Predictive value of BMD for hip and other fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2005 Jul;20(7):1185-94.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1359/JBMR.050304/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15940371?tool=bestpractice.com 或者是头髓钉。[25]De Laet C, Kanis JA, Oden A, et al. Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2005 Nov;16(11):1330-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15928804?tool=bestpractice.com
目前最佳证据表明,动力髋螺钉是股骨粗隆间骨折治疗的首选方法,部分荟萃分析显示并发症率和再次手术率均减少。[39]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hip fracture: management. May 2017. [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg124[63]Parker MJ, Handoll HH. Gamma and other cephalocondylic intramedullary nails versus extramedullary implants for extracapsular hip fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Sep 8;(9):CD000093.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000093.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20824825?tool=bestpractice.com 这与采用短小的髓内钉时股骨骨折风险增加有关。然而,一份 2009 年的荟萃分析表明,这种增加风险是历史问题,且使用现代钉子并未产生相同的股骨骨折并发症率。[64]Bhandari M, Schemitsch E, Jönsson A, et al. Gamma nails revisited: gamma nails versus compression hip screws in the management of intertrochanteric fractures of the hip: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Trauma. 2009 Jul;23(6):460-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19550235?tool=bestpractice.com 这一点已由对 13,568 名患者进行的另一份较新荟萃分析进一步证实。[65]Norris R, Bhattacharjee D, Parker MJ. Occurrence of secondary fracture around intramedullary nails used for trochanteric hip fractures: a systematic review of 13,568 patients. Injury. 2012 Jun;43(6):706-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22142841?tool=bestpractice.com 其他研究表明,动力髋螺钉与髓内装置间无显著差异。[66]Huang X, Leung F, Xiang Z, et al. Proximal femoral nail versus dynamic hip screw fixation for trochanteric fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ScientificWorldJournal. 2013;2013:805805.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2013/805805/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23533361?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Matre K, Vinje T, Havelin LI, et al. TRIGEN INTERTAN intramedullary nail versus sliding hip screw: a prospective, randomized multicenter study on pain, function, and complications in 684 patients with an intertrochanteric or subtrochanteric fracture and one year of follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Feb 6;95(3):200-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23389782?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Reindl R, Harvey EJ, Berry GK, et al; Canadian Orthopedic Trauma Society (COTS). Intramedullary versus extramedullary fixation for unstable intertrochanteric fractures: a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 Dec 2;97(23):1905-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26631990?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,非稳定型四部分骨折和反转子骨折类型具有争议性,外科医生反对使用动力髋螺钉,支持使用髓内钉治疗这些骨折类型。[69]Haidukewych GJ, Israel TA, Berry DJ. Reverse obliquity fractures of the intertrochanteric region of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001 May;83-A(5):643-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11379732?tool=bestpractice.com 但是不同类型的髓内装置设计之间,无显著治疗效果差异。[70]Queally JM, Harris E, Handoll HH, et al. Intramedullary nails for extracapsular hip fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Sep 12;(9):CD004961.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004961.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25212485?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折治疗用髓内钉源自理科硕士、医学博士、加拿大皇家外科医学院院士 Bradley A. Petrisor 和医学博士、理科硕士、加拿大皇家外科医学院院士 Mohit Bhandari 的丛书 [Citation ends].
支持性疗法和康复
术后支持性疗法包括术后关节活动的物理治疗和多学科康复计划。[71]Cameron ID. Coordinated multidisciplinary rehabilitation after hip fracture. Disabil Rehabil. 2005 Sep 30-Oct 15;27(18-19):1081-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16315427?tool=bestpractice.com
术后疼痛治疗要求部分程度上可能与做过的特殊手术有关(即动力髋螺钉对比髓内钉装置对比半关节成形术等)。[72]Foss NB, Kristensen MT, Palm H, et al. Postoperative pain after hip fracture is procedure specific. Br J Anaesth. 2009 Jan;102(1):111-6.https://academic.oup.com/bja/article/102/1/111/230174/Postoperative-pain-after-hip-fracture-is-procedurehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19059921?tool=bestpractice.com 可采用患者自控镇痛术或开常规阿片类药物(如吗啡、哌替啶)或硬膜外止痛法进行镇痛。[73]Foss NB, Kristensen MT, Kristensen BB, et al. Effect of postoperative epidural analgesia on rehabilitation and pain after hip fracture surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-cotrolled trial. Anesthesiology. 2005 Jun;102(6):1197-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15915033?tool=bestpractice.com
一般会建议患者进行物理疗法和康复;承重和活动范围运动则通常由外科医生自行决定。 协调多学科康复计划可提高患者髋部骨折后返家休养的百分比。[71]Cameron ID. Coordinated multidisciplinary rehabilitation after hip fracture. Disabil Rehabil. 2005 Sep 30-Oct 15;27(18-19):1081-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16315427?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Momsen AM, Rasmussen JO, Nielsen CV, et al. Multidisciplinary team care in rehabilitation: an overview of reviews. J Rehabil Med. 2012 Nov;44(11):901-12.https://www.medicaljournals.se/jrm/content/html/10.2340/16501977-1040http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23026978?tool=bestpractice.com关节活动性和功能状态:低质量的证据表明,与常规护理相比,髋部骨折手术后协调多学科康复对改善关节活动性和功能状态可能更有效。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 具体而言,术后由老年病学专家进行监测,并在急性护理或康复机构中频繁进行体育锻炼和职业疗法,患者可改善行走和功能能力恢复。[75]Chudyk AM, Jutai JW, Petrella RJ, et al. Systematic review of hip fracture rehabilitation practices in the elderly. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009 Feb;90(2):246-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19236978?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Prestmo A, Hagen G, Sletvold O, et al. Comprehensive geriatric care for patients with hip fractures: a prospective, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Apr 25;385(9978):1623-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25662415?tool=bestpractice.com 应用临床护理路径可能会缩短住院时间。 然而,依然缺乏成本效益证据。[77]Handoll HH, Cameron ID, Mak JC, et al. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for older people with hip fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7;(4):CD007125.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821396?tool=bestpractice.com 而且,出院后有限证据表明家庭康复可改善长期治疗效果。[78]Crotty M, Unroe K, Cameron ID, et al. Rehabilitation interventions for improving physical and psychosocial functioning after hip fracture in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD007624.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091644?tool=bestpractice.com 一些证据表明,延长康复可能有益。[79]Auais MA, Eilayyan O, Mayo NE. Extended exercise rehabilitation after hip fracture improves patients' physical function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther. 2012 Nov;92(11):1437-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22822235?tool=bestpractice.com
术前牵引
不推荐术前牵引(包括皮肤牵引和骨骼牵引),因为它对疼痛、退出复位或手术时的复位质量没有益处。[37]Mak JC, Cameron ID, March LM; National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia). Evidence-based guidelines for the management of hip fractures in older persons: an update. Med J Aust. 2010 Jan 4;192(1):37-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20047547?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Handoll HH, Queally JM, Parker MJ. Pre-operative traction for hip fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Dec 7;(12):CD000168.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000168.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22161361?tool=bestpractice.com