预防措施包括通过营养优化(特别是膳食钙和维生素 D)、减少乙醇摄入及戒烟来治疗骨质疏松疾病。 药理学措施可能包括双膦酸盐和甲状旁腺素类似物。[100]Qaseem A, Snow V, Shekelle P, et al; Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians. Pharmacologic treatment of low bone density or osteoporosis to prevent fractures: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Sep 16;149(6):404-15.http://annals.org/aim/article/742828/pharmacologic-treatment-low-bone-density-osteoporosis-prevent-fractures-clinical-practicehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18794560?tool=bestpractice.com[101]North American Menopause Society. Management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: 2010 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2010 Jan-Feb;17(1):25-54;http://www.menopause.org/docs/default-document-library/psosteo10.pdf?sfvrsn=2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20061894?tool=bestpractice.com 进一步措施包括清除家中导致绊倒的危险物品并重新评估可能引起晕厥发作的药物需求。
一些证据表明,对医院住院患者实施多面性干预可减少跌倒次数的相对风险。[26]Oliver D, Connelly JB, Victor CR, et al. Strategies to prevent falls and fractures in hospitals and care homes and effect of cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2007 Jan 13;334(7584):82.http://www.bmj.com/content/334/7584/82.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158580?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Cameron ID, Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Dec 12;12:CD005465.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005465.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235623?tool=bestpractice.com 这些干预包括风险评估、危险因素评估、照护规划、医疗/诊断方法、物理环境变化、教育计划、药物回顾、营养风险筛查、髋部保护器、解除躯体约束以及锻炼。[26]Oliver D, Connelly JB, Victor CR, et al. Strategies to prevent falls and fractures in hospitals and care homes and effect of cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2007 Jan 13;334(7584):82.http://www.bmj.com/content/334/7584/82.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158580?tool=bestpractice.com 具有较高跌倒风险的患者可能还需要佩戴髋部保护器。[28]Parker MJ, Gillespie WJ, Gillespie LD. Effectiveness of hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in elderly people: systematic review. BMJ. 2006 Mar 11;332(7541):571-4.http://www.bmj.com/content/332/7541/571.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16513687?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Santesso N, Carrasco-Labra A, Brignardello-Petersen R. Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(3):CD001255.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001255.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24687239?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Bell JJ, Bauer JD, Capra S, et al. Quick and easy is not without cost: implications of poorly performing nutrition screening tools in hip fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014 Feb;62(2):237-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24428255?tool=bestpractice.com
英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所 (NICE) 已确立了老年人跌倒预防指南。指南表明“应对因跌倒而需医疗照顾、报告过去一年反复性跌倒或证实步态和/或平衡异常的老年人提供多因素风险评估”,并表明“该评估应属于个性化、多因素干预的一部分。”[30]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Falls in older people: assessing risk and prevention. June 2013. [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg161/