军团菌感染

Neil K, Berkelman R. Increasing incidence of legionellosis in the United States, 1990-2005: changing epidemiologic trends. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:591-599.

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Stout JE, Yu V. Legionellosis. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:682-687.

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1.  Cianciotto NP. Pathogenicity of Legionella pneumophila. Int J Med Microbiol. 2001;291:331-343.

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2.  Gupta SK, Imperiale TF, Sarosi GA. Evaluation of the Winthrop-University Hospital criteria to identify Legionella pneumonia. Chest. 2001;120:1064-1071.

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3.  Lowry PW, Tompkins LS. Nosocomial legionellosis: a review of pulmonary and extrapulmonary syndromes. Am J Infect Control. 1993;21:21-27.

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4.  Donohue MJ, O'Connell K, Vesper SJ, et al. Widespread molecular detection of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in cold water taps across the United States. Environ Sci Technol. 2014;48:3145-3152.

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5.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Legionellosis - United States, 2000-2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:1083-1086.

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6.  Beauté J, Zucs P, de Jong B; European Legionnaires' Disease Surveillance Network. Legionnaires disease in Europe, 2009-2010. Euro Surveill. 2013;18:20417.

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7.  de Jong B, Payne Hallström L, Robesyn E, et al. Travel-associated Legionnaires' disease in Europe, 2010. Euro Surveill. 2013;18:20498.

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8.  Lam MC, Ang LW, Tan AL, et al. Epidemiology and control of legionellosis, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:1209-1215.

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9.  Neil K, Berkelman R. Increasing incidence of legionellosis in the United States, 1990-2005: changing epidemiologic trends. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:591-599.

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10.  Stout JE, Yu V. Legionellosis. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:682-687.

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11.  Soda EA, Barskey AE, Shah PP, et al. Vital signs: health care-associated Legionnaires' disease surveillance data from 20 states and a large metropolitan area - United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66:584-589.

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12.  Fields BS, Benson RF, Besser RE. Legionella and Legionnaires' disease: 25 years of investigation. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15:506-526.

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14.  Conza L, Pagani SC, Gaia V. Presence of Legionella and free-living Amoebae in composts and bioaerosols from composting facilities. PLoS One. 2013;8:e68244.

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15.  Sabria M, Yu VL. Hospital-acquired legionellosis: solutions for a preventable infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2:368-373.

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16.  Payne NR, Horwitz MA. Phagocytosis of Legionella pneumophila is mediated by human monocyte complement receptors. J Exp Med. 1987;166:1377-1389.

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17.  Winn WC Jr, Myerowitz RL. The pathology of the Legionella pneumonias: A review of 74 cases and the literature. Hum Pathol. 1981;12:401-422.

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18.  Straus WL, Plouffe JF, File TM, et al. Risk factors for domestic acquisition of Legionnaires disease. Ohio legionnaires Disease Group. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1685-1692.

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19.  Den Boer JW, Nijhof J, Friesema I. Risk factors for sporadic community-acquired Legionnaires' disease. A 3-year national case-control study. Public Health. 2006;120:566-571.

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20.  el-Ebiary M, Sarmiento X, Torres A, et al. Prognostic factors of severe Legionella pneumonia requiring admission to ICU. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156:1467-1472.

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21.  Lanternier F, Tubach F, Ravaud P, et al. Incidence and risk factors of Legionella pneumophila pneumonia during anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: a prospective French study. Chest. 2013;144:990-998.

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22.  Jernigan DB, Hofmann J, Cetron MS, et al. Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease among cruise ship passengers exposed to a contaminated whirlpool spa. Lancet. 1996;347:494-499.

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23.  Miyamoto H, Jitsurong S, Shiota R, et al. Molecular determination of infection source of a sporadic Legionella pneumonia case associated with a hot spring bath. Microbiol Immunol. 1997;41:197-202.

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24.  Bhopal RS, Fallon RJ, Buist EC, et al. Proximity of the home to a cooling tower and risk of non-outbreak Legionnaires' disease. BMJ. 1991;302:378-383.

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25.  Marrie TJ, Haldane D, MacDonald S, et al. Control of endemic nosocomial Legionnaires' disease by using sterile potable water for high risk patients. Epidemiol Infect. 1991;107:591-605.

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26.  Hlady WG, Mullen RC, Mintz CS, et al. Outbreak of Legionnaire's disease linked to a decorative fountain by molecular epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;138:555-562.

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27.  Bangsborg JM, Uldum S, Jensen JS, et al. Nosocomial legionellosis in three heart-lung transplant patients: case reports and environmental observations. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1995;14:99-104.

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28.  Franzin L, Scolfaro C, Cabodi D, et al. Legionella pneumophila pneumonia in a newborn after water birth: a new mode of transmissions. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:e103-e104.

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29.  Currie SL, Beattie TK, Knapp CW, et al. Legionella spp. in UK composts-a potential public health issue? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20:O224-O229.

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30.  Garcia-Vidal C, Labori M, Viasus D, et al. Rainfall is a risk factor for sporadic cases of Legionella pneumophila pneumonia. PLoS One. 2013;8:e61036.

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31.  European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. European Legionnaires’ Disease Surveillance Network (ELDSNet): operating procedures. January 2012. http://ecdc.europa.eu (last accessed 5 September 2017).

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32.  Cachafeiro SP, Naveira IM, García IG. Is copper-silver ionisation safe and effective in controlling legionella? J Hosp Infect. 2007;67:209-216.

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33.  Mulazimoglu L, Yu VL. Can legionnaires disease be diagnosed by clinical criteria? A critical review. Chest. 2001;120:1049-1053.

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34.  Carratala J, Garcia-Vidal C. An update on Legionella. Cur Opin Infect Dis. 2010;23:152-157.

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35.  Shimada T, Noguchi Y, Jackson JL, et al. Systematic review and metaanalysis: urinary antigen tests for Legionellosis. Chest. 2009;136:1576-1585.

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36.  Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Mar 1;44 Suppl 2:S27-72.

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37.  Tronel H, Hartemann P. Overview of diagnostic and detection methods for legionellosis and Legionella spp. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2009;48:653-656.

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39.  Dominguez J, Gali N, Blanco S, et al. Assessment of a new test to detect Legionella urinary antigen for the diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001;41:199-203.

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40.  Dominguez J, Gali N, Matas L, et al. Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic assay for the detection of Legionella antigen in urine samples. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1999;18:896-898.

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41.  Stout, JE, Rihs, JD, Yu, VL. Legionella. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, et al, eds. Manual of clinical microbiology. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press; 2003.

42.  Plouffe JF, File TM, Breiman RF; et al. Reevaluation of the definition of Legionnaires' disease: use of the urinary antigen assay. Community Based Pneumonia Incidence Study Group. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20:1286-1291.

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43.  Ramirez JA, Ahkee S, Tolentino A, et al. Diagnosis of Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, or Chlamydia pneumoniae lower respiratory infection using the polymerase chain reaction on a single throat swab specimen. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996;24:7-14.

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44.  Fiore AE, Butler JC, Emori TG, et al. A survey of methods used to detect nosocomial legionellosis among participants in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20:412-416.

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45.  Benin AL, Benson RF, Besser RE. Trends in legionnaires disease, 1980-1998: declining mortality and new patterns of diagnosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:1039-1046.

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46.  Heath CH, Grove DI, Looke DFM. Delay in appropriate therapy of Legionella pneumonia associated with increased mortality. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996;15:286-290.

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47.  Arnold F, Summersgill JT, Lajoie AS, et al. A worldwide perspective of atypical pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175:1086-1093.

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48.  Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; British Thoracic Society. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009;64(suppl 3):iii1-iii55.

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49.  Mills GD, Oehley MR, Arrol B. Effectiveness of beta lactam antibiotics compared with antibiotics active against atypical pathogens in non-severe community acquired pneumonia: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2005;330:456.

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50.  Shefet D, Robenshtok E, Paul M, et al. Empirical atypical coverage for inpatients with community-acquired pneumonia: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1992-2000.

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51.  Mykietiuk A, Carratala J, Fernandez-Sabe N, et al. Clinical outcomes for hospitalized patients with Legionella pneumonia in the antigenuria era: the influence of levofloxacin therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:794-799.

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52.  Edelstein PH, Shinzato T, Doyle E, et al. In vitro activity of gemifloxacin (SB-265805, LB20304a) against Legionella pneumophila and its pharmacokinetics in guinea pigs with L. pneumophila pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45:2204-2209.

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53.  Blazquez-Garrido RM, Espinosa-Parra FJ, Alemany-Frances L, et al. Antimicrobial chemotherapy for legionnaires disease: levofloxacin versus macrolides. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:800-806.

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54.  Sabria M, Pedro-Botet ML, Gomez J, et al. Fluoroquinolones vs macrolides in the treatment of Legionnaires disease. Chest. 2005;128:1401-1405.

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55.  Griffin AT, Peyrani P, Wiemken T, et al. Macrolides versus quinolones in Legionella pneumonia: results from the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization international study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010;14:495-499.

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56.  Dournon E, Mayaud CH, Wolff M, et al. Comparison of the activity of three antibiotic regimens in severe LD. J. Antimicrob Chemother. 1990;26(Suppl. B):129-139.

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57.  Roig J, Rello J. Legionnaires' disease: a rational approach to therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003;5:1119-1129.

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58.  Grau S, Antonio JM, Ribes E, et al. Impact of rifampicin addition to clarithromycin in Legionella pneumophila pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006;28:249-252.

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59.  Mallegol J, Fernandes P, Melano RG, et al. Antimicrobial activity of solithromycin against clinical isolates of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:909-915.

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60.  El Moussaoui R, Opmeer BC, de Borgie CA, et al. Long-term symptom recovery and health-related quality of life in patients with mild-to-moderate-severe community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2006;130:1165-1172.

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61.  Lettinga KD, Verbon A, Nieuwkerk PT, et al. Health-related quality of life and posttraumatic. stress disorder among survivors of an outbreak of Legionnaires disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:11-17.

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62.  Fraser DW, Tsai TR, Orenstein W, et al. Legionnaires' disease: description of an epidemic of pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1977;297:1189-1197.

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63.  Garcia-Vidal C, Carratala J. Current clinical management of Legionnaires' disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2006;4:995-1004.

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64.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1997;46:1-79.

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