脓疱病是全世界儿童最常见的细菌性皮肤感染。它在英国0-4岁儿童中的年发病率大约为80/100,000,5-14岁儿童的年发病率下降至约50/100,000。在老年群体中的发病率进一步降低。[2]Elliot AJ, Cross KW, Smith GE, et al. The association between impetigo, insect bites and air temperature: a retrospective 5-year study (1999-2003) using morbidity data collected from a sentinel general practice network database. Fam Pract. 2006;23:490-496.http://fampra.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/23/5/490http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873392?tool=bestpractice.com在美国,因皮肤问题就诊的儿童中约10%被诊断为脓疱病。大疱性脓疱病可发生于任何年龄。非大疱性脓疱病也发生在所有年龄组,但对新生儿威胁尤其大,由于患败血症和其他危及生命的感染(如肺炎等)的风险增加,新生儿脓疱病患者病情可能会更加严重。在美国和欧洲,金黄色葡萄球菌是最常见的病原体。而在气候湿热的地区,链球菌形式占主导地位,而且往往流行。[3]Kakar N, Kumar V, Mehta G, et al. Clinico-bacteriological study of pyodermas in children. J Dermatol. 1999;26:288-293.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10380429?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Tewodros W, Muhe L, Daniel E, et al. A one-year study of streptococcal infections and their complications among Ethiopian children. Epidemiol Infect. 1992;109:211-225.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1397112?tool=bestpractice.com 由于一些环境因素(如湿度增加等),脓疱病的发病率往往在夏季更高。[3]Kakar N, Kumar V, Mehta G, et al. Clinico-bacteriological study of pyodermas in children. J Dermatol. 1999;26:288-293.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10380429?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Loffeld A, Davies P, Lewis A, et al. Seasonal occurrence of impetigo: a retrospective 8-year review (1996-2003). Clin Exp Dermatol. 2005;30:512-514.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16045681?tool=bestpractice.com脓疱病通常出现在生活环境过度拥挤,卫生条件差,营养不良,[3]Kakar N, Kumar V, Mehta G, et al. Clinico-bacteriological study of pyodermas in children. J Dermatol. 1999;26:288-293.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10380429?tool=bestpractice.com以及皮肤屏障有缺陷的情况下(如昆虫叮咬[2]Elliot AJ, Cross KW, Smith GE, et al. The association between impetigo, insect bites and air temperature: a retrospective 5-year study (1999-2003) using morbidity data collected from a sentinel general practice network database. Fam Pract. 2006;23:490-496.http://fampra.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/23/5/490http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873392?tool=bestpractice.com和疥疮[3]Kakar N, Kumar V, Mehta G, et al. Clinico-bacteriological study of pyodermas in children. J Dermatol. 1999;26:288-293.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10380429?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Kristensen JK. Scabies and pyoderma in Lilongwe, Malawi. Prevalence and seasonal fluctuation. Int J Dermatol. 1991;30:699-702.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1955222?tool=bestpractice.com).具有高度传染性,通过污染物传染。鼻腔携带的金黄色葡萄球菌在大疱性脓疱病中可高达40%,在非大疱性脓疱病中高达60%。[3]Kakar N, Kumar V, Mehta G, et al. Clinico-bacteriological study of pyodermas in children. J Dermatol. 1999;26:288-293.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10380429?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Durupt F, Mayor L, Bes M, et al. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus toxins and nasal carriage in furuncles and impetigo. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:1161-1167.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17916211?tool=bestpractice.com耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌作为病原体,在非大疱性脓疱病中更常见。[8]Shi D, Higuchi W, Takano T, et al. Bullous impetigo in children infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus alone or in combination with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus: analysis of genetic characteristics, including assessment of exfoliative toxin gene carriage. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:1972-1974.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21430094?tool=bestpractice.com