检查 无创性标本取样(尿液或阴道)和有创性标本取样(阴道、宫颈内或阴茎尿道拭子)有效性一致且更为患者所接受。[16]Hoebe CJ, Rademaker CW, Brouwers EE, et al. Acceptability of self-taken vaginal swabs and first-catch urine samples for the diagnosis of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae with an amplified DNA assay in young women who attend a public health sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex Transm Dis. 2006 Aug;33(8):491-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16547452?tool=bestpractice.com
直肠和口咽沙眼衣原体感染可通过检测暴露的解剖学位点而进行诊断。在美国,食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 未批准核酸扩增检测 (NAAT) 在直肠和口咽拭子标本的应用。但是,一些实验室已符合美国疾病预防控制中心 (CDC) 对核酸扩增检测的临床实验室改进修正案 (CLIA) 的验证要求,可以进行这些检测。[13]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for the laboratory-based detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae - 2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014 Mar 14;63(RR-02):1-19.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6302a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24622331?tool=bestpractice.com 还有一个好的证据,那就是患者自采集的直肠拭子标本的核酸扩增试验结果同临床采集的直肠拭子标本结果相当,且患者认为用于衣原体筛查的自采标本方法很容易被接受。[14]Moncada J, Schachter J, Liska S, et al. Evaluation of self-collected glans and rectal swabs from men who have sex with men for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by use of nucleic acid amplification tests. J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Jun;47(6):1657-62.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2691064/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19369445?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Cosentino LA, Campbell T, Jett A, et al. Use of nucleic acid amplification testing for diagnosis of anorectal sexually transmitted infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2012 Jun;50(6):2005-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3372150/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22493338?tool=bestpractice.com
敏感性 (>90%) 与特异性 (94%-99.5%) 都较高,核酸扩增检测仅检测到单链 DNA 也可被诊断阳性。沙眼衣原体无需存活亦可获得阳性结果。[13]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for the laboratory-based detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae - 2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014 Mar 14;63(RR-02):1-19.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6302a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24622331?tool=bestpractice.com
如果核酸扩增检测呈阴性,但临床高度疑似,则根据经验进行治疗。
近来,越来越多的患者使用可在 90 分钟内提供结果的快速核酸扩增检测。[17]Whitlock GG, Gibbons DC, Longford N, et al. Rapid testing and treatment for sexually transmitted infections improve patient care and yield public health benefits. Int J STD AIDS. 2018 Apr;29(5):474-82.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5844454/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29059032?tool=bestpractice.com