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Prabhakar VK, Shalet SM. Aetiology, diagnosis and management of hypopituitarism in adult life. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Apr;82(966):259-66.

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Freda PU, Beckers AM, Katznelson L, et al. Pituitary incidentaloma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Apr;96(4):894-904.

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Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, et al. Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Oct 13;101(11):3888-921.

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Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 May 1;103(5):1715-44.

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Van Aken MO, Lamberts SWJ. Diagnosis and treatment of hypopituitarism: an update. Pituitary. 2005;8(3-4):183-91.

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Cook DM, Yuen KC, Biller BM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for growth hormone use in growth hormone-deficient adults and transition patients: 2009 update. Endocr Pract. 2009 Sep-Oct;15 Suppl 2:1-29.

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1.  Regal M, Páramo C, Sierra SM, et al. Prevalence and incidence of hypopituitarism in an adult Caucasian population in northwestern Spain. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001 Dec;55(6):735-40.

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2.  Molitch ME, Russell EJ. The pituitary "incidentaloma". Ann Intern Med. 1990 Jun 15;112(12):925-31.

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6.  Blair JC. Prevalence, natural history and consequences of posttraumatic hypopituitarism: a case for endocrine surveillance. Br J Neurosurg. 2010 Feb;24(1):10-7.

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7.  Prabhakar VK, Shalet SM. Aetiology, diagnosis and management of hypopituitarism in adult life. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Apr;82(966):259-66.

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8.  Greenman Y, Stern N. Non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;23(5):625-38.

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9.  Freda PU, Beckers AM, Katznelson L, et al. Pituitary incidentaloma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Apr;96(4):894-904.

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10.  DeVile CJ, Grant DB, Hayward RD, et al. Growth and endocrine sequelae of craniopharyngioma. Arch Dis Child. 1996 Aug;75(2):108-14.

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13.  He W, Chen F, Dalm B, et al. Metastatic involvement of the pituitary gland: a systematic review with pooled individual patient data analysis. Pituitary. 2015 Feb;18(1):159-68.

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18.  Jenkins PJ, Chew SL, Lowe DG, et al. Lymphocytic hypophysitis: unusual features of a rare disorder. Clin Endocrinol. 1995 May;42(5):529-34.

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19.  Thodou E, Asa SL, Kontogeorgos G, et al. Clinical case seminar: lymphocytic hypophysitis: clinicopathological findings. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Aug;80(8):2302-11.

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20.  Dillard T, Yedinak CG, Alumkal J, et al. Anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy associated autoimmune hypophysitis: serious immune related adverse events across a spectrum of cancer subtypes. Pituitary. 2010;13(1):29-38.

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21.  Faje AT, Sullivan R, Lawrence D, et al. Ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis: a detailed longitudinal analysis in a large cohort of patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Nov;99(11):4078-85.

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22.  Stern BJ, Krumholz A, Johns C, et al. Sarcoidosis and its neurological manifestations. Arch Neurol. 1985 Sep;42(9):909-17.

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23.  Kaltsas TB, Powles TB, Evanson J, et al. Hypothalamopituitary abnormalities in adult patients with langerhans cell histiocytosis: clinical, endocrinological and radiological features and response to treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Apr;85(4):1370-6.

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24.  Basaria S, Ayala AR, Guerin C, et al. A rare pituitary lesion. J Endocrinol Invest. 2000 Mar;23(3):189-92.

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26.  Carvalho LR, Woods KS, Mendonca BB, et al. A homozygous mutation in HESX1 is associated with evolving hypopituitarism due to impaired repressor-corepressor interaction. J Clin Invest. 2003 Oct;112(8):1192-201.

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27.  Wu W, Cogan JD, Pfaffle RW, et al. Mutations in PROP1 cause familial combined pituitary hormone deficiency. Nat Genet. 1998 Feb;18(2):147-9.

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28.  Vallette-Kasic S, Brue T, Pulichino AM, et al. Congenital isolated adrenocorticotropin deficiency: an underestimated cause of neonatal death, explained by TPIT gene mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;90(3):1323-31.

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29.  Edwards OM, Clark JD. Post-traumatic hypopituitarism: six cases and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 1986 Sep;65(5):281-90.

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30.  Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, et al. Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Oct 13;101(11):3888-921.

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31.  Thomer MO, Vance ML, Laws ER Jr, et al. The anterior pituitary. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM, Larsen PR, eds. Williams textbook of endocrinology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1998:249-340.

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33.  Randeva HS, Schoebel J, Byrne J, et al. Classical pituitary apoplexy: clinical features, management and outcome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 Aug;51(2):181-8.

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34.  Arafah BM, Kailani SH, Nekl KE, et al. Immediate recovery of pituitary function after transsphenoidal resection of pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Aug;79(2):348-54.

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35.  Webb SM, Rigla M, Wagner A, et al. Recovery of hypopituitarism after neurosurgical treatment of pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Oct;84(10):3696-700.

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36.  Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, et al. Radiation-induced hypopituitarism is dose-dependent. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1989 Sep;31(3):363-73.

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37.  Sklar CA, Antal Z, Chemaitilly W, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary and growth disorders in survivors of childhood cancer: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Aug 1;103(8):2761-84.

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38.  Aimaretti G, Ambrosio MR, Di Somma C, et al. Residual pituitary function after brain injury-induced hypopituitarism: a prospective 12-month study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Nov;90(11):6085-92.

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39.  Sert M, Tetiker T, Kirim S. Clinical report of 28 patients with Sheehan's syndrome. Endocr J. 2003 Jun;50(3):297-301.

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40.  Weiss RE. Empty sella following spontaneous resolution of a pituitary macroadenoma. Horm Res. 2003;60(1):49-52.

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41.  Bjerre P. The empty sella: a reappraisal of etiology and pathogenesis. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1990;130:1-25.

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42.  de Boer H, Blok GJ, Van der Veen EA. Clinical aspects of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Endocr Rev. 1995 Feb;16(1):63-86.

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43.  Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 May 1;103(5):1715-44.

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44.  Cameron DR, Braunstein GD. Androgen replacement therapy in women. Fertil Steril. 2004 Aug;82(2):273-89.

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45.  Oelkers W. Hyponatremin and inappropriate secretion of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) in patients with hypopituitarism. N Engl J Med. 1989 Aug 24;321(8):492-6.

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46.  Jones SL, Trainer PJ, Perry L, et al. An audit of the insulin tolerance testing adult subjects in an acute investigation unit over one year. Clin Endocrinol. 1994 Jul;41(1):123-8.

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47.  Van Aken MO, Lamberts SWJ. Diagnosis and treatment of hypopituitarism: an update. Pituitary. 2005;8(3-4):183-91.

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48.  Pavord SR, Girach A, Price DE, et al. A retrospective audit of the combined pituitary function test using the insulin stress test, TRH and GnRH in a district laboratory. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1992 Feb;36(2):135-9.

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49.  Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):273-88.

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50.  Molitch ME. Pituitary tumours: pituitary incidentalomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;23(5):667-75.

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51.  Scranton RA, Baskin DS. Impaired pituitary axes following traumatic brain injury. J Clin Med. 2015 Jul 13;4(7):1463-79.

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52.  Peacey SR, Guo CY, Robinson AM, et al. Glucocorticoid replacement therapy: are patients over treated and does it matter? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997 Mar;46(3):255-61.

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53.  Howlett TA. An assessment of optimal hydrocortisone replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997 Mar;46(3):263-8.

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55.  Roberts CG, Ladenson PW. Hypothyroidism. Lancet. 2004 Mar 6;363(9411):793-803.

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56.  Torgerson DJ, Bell-Seyer SE. Hormone replacement therapy and prevention of nonvertebral fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2001 Jun 13;285(22):2891-7.

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57.  Armitage M, Nooney J, Evans S. Recent concerns surrounding HRT. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003 Aug;59(2):145-55.

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58.  Miller KK, Sesmilo G, Schiller A, et al. Androgen deficiency in women with hypopituitarism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Feb;86(2):561-7.

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59.  Matsumoto AM. Hormonal therapy of male hypogonadism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1994 Dec;23(4):857-75.

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60.  Jones TH, Arver S, Behre HM, et al. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes and/or metabolic syndrome (the TIMES2 study). Diabetes Care. 2011 Apr;34(4):828-37.

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61.  Cunningham GR, Toma SM. Clinical review: why is androgen replacement in males controversial? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jan;96(1):38-52.

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62.  Basaria S, Coviello AD, Travison TG, et al. Adverse events associated with testosterone administration. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 8;363(2):109-22.

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63.  Hazem A, Elamin MB, Bancos I, et al. Body composition and quality of life in adults treated with GH therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012 Jan;166(1):13-20.

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64.  Jørgensen AP, Fougner KJ, Ueland T, et al. Favorable long-term effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on quality of life, bone metabolism, body composition and lipid levels in patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-75.

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65.  Carroll PV, Christ ER, Bengtsson BA, et al. Growth hormone deficiency in adulthood and the effects of growth hormone replacement: a review. Growth Hormone Research Society Scientific Committee. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Feb;83(2):382-95.

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66.  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Human growth hormone (somatropin) for the treatment of growth failure in children. May 2010 [internet publication].

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67.  Cook DM, Yuen KC, Biller BM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for growth hormone use in growth hormone-deficient adults and transition patients: 2009 update. Endocr Pract. 2009 Sep-Oct;15 Suppl 2:1-29.

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68.  Albarel F, Gaudy C, Castinetti F, et al. Long-term follow-up of ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis, a common adverse event of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody in melanoma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015 Feb;172(2):195-204.

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69.  Bates AS, Van't Hoff W, Jones PJ, et al. The effect of hypopituitarism on life expectancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Mar;81(3):1169-72.

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70.  Tomlinson JW, Holden N, Hills RK, et al. Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism. West Midlands Prospective Hypopituitary Study Group. Lancet. 2001 Feb 10;357(9254):425-31.

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