指妊娠期间发生或首次发现的不同程度糖耐量异常。[4]Meigs JB, Muller DC, Nathan DM, et al. The natural history of progression from normal glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Diabetes. 2003;52:1475-1484.http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/52/6/1475.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12765960?tool=bestpractice.com多在妊娠24周到28周时,发现糖耐量试验异常而诊断。高风险因素包括高龄产妇(>40 岁)、[5]Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR, et al. Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(suppl 2):S251-S260.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/Supplement_2/S251.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596481?tool=bestpractice.com肥胖、[5]Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR, et al. Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(suppl 2):S251-S260.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/Supplement_2/S251.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596481?tool=bestpractice.com青年期体重增加、[5]Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR, et al. Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(suppl 2):S251-S260.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/Supplement_2/S251.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596481?tool=bestpractice.com吸烟、[5]Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR, et al. Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(suppl 2):S251-S260.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/Supplement_2/S251.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596481?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Solomon CG, Willett WC, Carey VJ, et al. A prospective study of pregravid determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 1997;278:1078-1083.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9315766?tool=bestpractice.com多囊卵巢综合征、[7]Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, et al. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007;298:2654-2664.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18073361?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Lo JC, Feigenbaum SL, Escobar GJ, et al. Increased prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among women with diagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome: a population-based study. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1915-1917.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/8/1915.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873802?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Kjerulff LE, Sanchez-Ramos L, Duffy D. Pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204:558.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21752757?tool=bestpractice.com非白人血统、[5]Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR, et al. Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(suppl 2):S251-S260.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/Supplement_2/S251.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596481?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Solomon CG, Willett WC, Carey VJ, et al. A prospective study of pregravid determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 1997;278:1078-1083.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9315766?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Norman RJ, Dewailly D, Legro RS, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Lancet. 2007;370:685-697.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17720020?tool=bestpractice.com糖尿病家族史、[5]Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR, et al. Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(suppl 2):S251-S260.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/Supplement_2/S251.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596481?tool=bestpractice.com低纤维高糖负荷饮食[11]Cossrow N, Falkner B. Race/ethnic issues in obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2590-2594.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15181028?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Montonen J, Knekt P, Järvinen R, et al. Whole-grain and fiber intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:622-629.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12600852?tool=bestpractice.com和既往妊娠期糖尿病。[13]Zhang C, Liu S, Solomon CG, et al. Dietary fiber intake, dietary glycemic load, and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:2223-2230.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/10/2223.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17003297?tool=bestpractice.com少数患者以症状表现起病(如尿路感染或外阴阴道念珠菌病)。有时很难从已存在但未确诊的2型糖尿病中区分出妊娠糖尿病。偶尔在怀孕期间可能会出现1型糖尿病。营养治疗是妊娠糖尿病控制的核心,大多数女性仅通过饮食治疗便可改善。