乙醇与中枢神经系统 (CNS) 中对正常 CNS 功能至关重要的两种主要受体相互作用:A 型 GABA 受体和 NMDA 受体。
乙醇的主要靶标是 A 型 GABA 受体,持续刺激该抑制性受体可导致 A 型 GABA 受体/氯离子通道复合体下调。[23]Brousse G, Arnaud B, Vorspan F, et al. Alteration of glutamate/GABA balance during acute alcohol withdrawal in emergency department: a prospective analysis. Alcohol Alcohol. 2012;47:501-508.https://academic.oup.com/alcalc/article/47/5/501/99762/Alteration-of-Glutamate-GABA-Balance-During-Acutehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22791370?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Roberto M, Varodayan FP. Synaptic targets: chronic alcohol actions. Neuropharmacology. 2017 Jan 17 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002839081730014Xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28108359?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Littleton J. Neurochemical mechanisms underlying alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Health Res World. 1998;22:13-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15706728?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Lovinger DM, Roberto M. Synaptic effects induced by alcohol. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2013;13:31-86.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4791588/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21786203?tool=bestpractice.comA 型 GABA 受体适应性下调还会促使患者产生耐受,使饮酒者在达到镇静性酒精浓度的情况下仍维持清醒水平。[3]Bayard M, McIntyre J, Hill KR, et al. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2004;69:1443-1450.http://www.aafp.org/afp/20040315/1443.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15053409?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Littleton J. Neurochemical mechanisms underlying alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Health Res World. 1998;22:13-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15706728?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Lovinger DM, Roberto M. Synaptic effects induced by alcohol. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2013;13:31-86.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4791588/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21786203?tool=bestpractice.com
在各种不同的兴奋性氨基酸受体系统中,血液中存在持续的乙醇浓度主要影响突触后 NMDA 受体-钙离子通路复合体的表达。与对 A 型 GABA 受体的激动作用相反,乙醇通过竞争性结合 NMDA 受体上的甘氨酸结合位点来抑制 NMDA 受体功能。这种抑制作用可导致突触后膜上的 NMDA 受体代偿性上调。
在突触前水平上,慢性饮酒会增加兴奋性谷氨酸释放,而谷氨酸再摄取受到抑制。[24]Roberto M, Varodayan FP. Synaptic targets: chronic alcohol actions. Neuropharmacology. 2017 Jan 17 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002839081730014Xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28108359?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Lovinger DM, Roberto M. Synaptic effects induced by alcohol. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2013;13:31-86.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4791588/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21786203?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Melendez RI, Hicks MP, Cagle SS, et al. Ethanol exposure decreases glutamate uptake in the nucleus accumbens. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005;29:326-333.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15770106?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Dahchour A, De Witte P. Effect of repeated ethanol withdrawal on glutamate microdialysate in the hippocampus. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999;23:1698-1703.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10550004?tool=bestpractice.com有证据显示急性饮酒会增加突触前 GABA 释放。[24]Roberto M, Varodayan FP. Synaptic targets: chronic alcohol actions. Neuropharmacology. 2017 Jan 17 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002839081730014Xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28108359?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Lovinger DM, Roberto M. Synaptic effects induced by alcohol. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2013;13:31-86.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4791588/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21786203?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Kelm MK, Criswell HE, Breese GR. Ethanol-enhanced GABA release: a focus on G protein-coupled receptors. Brain Res Rev. 2011;65:113-123.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3005894/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20837058?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Kelm MK,Criswell HE, Breese GR. The role of protein kinase A in the ethanol-induced increase in spontaneous GABA release onto cerebellar Purkinje neurons. J Neurophysiol. 2008;100:3417-3428.http://jn.physiology.org/content/100/6/3417.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18945815?tool=bestpractice.com然而,目前尚不明确慢性饮酒与突触前 GABA 释放变化之间的相关性。
神经递质-受体相互作用的适应性机制维持了兴奋性 (NMDA) 与抑制性 (GABA) 受体系统之间的稳态,并介导酒精耐受的发生。酒精依赖的患者戒酒后,血乙醇浓度相对于原先维持的稳态浓度下降,会导致 NMDA 和 A 型 GABA 受体功能之间失衡。因此,随着抑制 (GABA) 活性减弱,过度的谷氨酸能刺激会导致 AWS 临床症状的发生,包括自主神经兴奋过度、震颤、幻觉和癫痫发作。[26]Lovinger DM, Roberto M. Synaptic effects induced by alcohol. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2013;13:31-86.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4791588/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21786203?tool=bestpractice.com
由于“点燃效应 (kindling phenomena)”,AWS 多次发作会增加后续 AWS 的严重程度。点燃效应是指如下过程:低水平的化学或电刺激正常情况下不会产生行为反应,而由于反复施加刺激,水平的刺激导致了行为效应,例如癫痫发作。[31]Becker HC. Kindling in alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Health Res World. 1998;22:25-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15706729?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Ballenger JC, Post RM. Kindling as a model for alcohol withdrawal syndromes. Br J Psychiatry. 1978;133:1-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/352467?tool=bestpractice.com越来越多的证据表明,点燃效应可使戒断症状加重。[31]Becker HC. Kindling in alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Health Res World. 1998;22:25-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15706729?tool=bestpractice.com在临床上,与没有伴随癫痫发作的 AWS 患者相比,有癫痫发作的 AWS 患者中,有相当大比例的患者有 AWS 多次发生的病史。[33]Brown ME, Anton RF, Malcolm R, et al. Alcohol detoxification and withdrawal seizures: clinical support for a kindling hypothesis. Biol Psychiatry. 1988;23:507-514.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3345323?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Booth BM, Blow FC. The kindling hypothesis: further evidence from a U.S. national study of alcoholic men. Alcohol Alcohol. 1993;28:593-598.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8274184?tool=bestpractice.com[35]McCown TJ, Breese GR. Multiple withdrawals from chronic ethanol "kindles" inferior collicular seizure activity: evidence for kindling of seizures associated with alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1990;14:394-399.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2378423?tool=bestpractice.com