据世界卫生组织 (World Health Organization, WHO) 估计,全球人口中有 38.3% 的人饮酒,年龄在 15 岁以上的饮酒者中有 16.0% 偶尔重度饮酒。[6]World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2014. May 2014. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 20 May 2017).http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/en/在 2010 年,在年龄大于 15 岁的饮酒者中,全球酒精使用障碍(定义为有害的饮酒或酒精依赖)的患病率为 4.1%。在欧洲 (7.5%) 和美洲 (6%),酒精引起的疾病负担最重。[6]World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2014. May 2014. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 20 May 2017).http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/en/
在美国,2015 年全国药物使用和健康调查显示,6.2% 的成年人(年龄>18 岁)和 2.5% 的青少年(年龄在 12 至 17 岁)患有酒精使用障碍。[7]Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Reports and detailed tables from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). 2015. https://www.samhsa.gov/ (last accessed 20 May 2017).https://www.samhsa.gov/samhsa-data-outcomes-quality/major-data-collections/reports-detailed-tables-2015-NSDUH#upcoming-reports
美国在 2009 至 2011 年开展的一项成人饮酒者全国调查显示,在过量饮酒者(在 30 天内,每周>8 杯)中,酒精依赖的患病率为 10.2%,在酗酒者(每次>4 杯)中,患病率为 10.5%。[8]Esser MB, Hedden SL, Kanny D, et al. Prevalence of alcohol dependence among US adult drinkers, 2009-2011. Prev Chronic Dis. 2014;11:E206.https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2014/14_0329.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25412029?tool=bestpractice.com据估计,这些酒精依赖者在减少饮酒量时,约有 50% 会出现酒精戒断症状。[5]Schuckit MA. Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens). N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2109-2113.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1407298http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25427113?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Reports and detailed tables from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). 2015. https://www.samhsa.gov/ (last accessed 20 May 2017).https://www.samhsa.gov/samhsa-data-outcomes-quality/major-data-collections/reports-detailed-tables-2015-NSDUH#upcoming-reports[9]Schmidt KJ, Doshi MR, Holzhausen JM, et al. Treatment of severe alcohol withdrawal. Ann Pharmacother. 2016;50:389-401.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26861990?tool=bestpractice.com
所有入院患者中,约 8% 的患者有酒精戒断风险。[10]Foy A, Kay J. The incidence of alcohol-related problems and the risk of alcohol withdrawal in a general hospital population. Drug Alcohol Rev. 1995;14:49-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16203295?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Foy A. Alcohol problems in a general hospital. Addict Biol. 1999;4:23-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20575767?tool=bestpractice.com有些研究证明,在入住重症监护治疗病房 (intensive care unit, ICU) 的患者中,16% 至 31% 的患者有酒精戒断风险;31% 的外伤患者可能有酒精戒断风险。[12]Dixit D, Endicott J, Burry L, et al. Management of acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome in critically ill patients. Pharmacotherapy. 2016;36:797-822.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/phar.1770/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27196747?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Uusaro A, Parviainen I, Tenhunen JJ, et al. The proportion of intensive care unit admissions related to alcohol use: a prospective cohort study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005;49:1236-1240.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16146458?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Ungur LA, Neuner B, John S, et al. Prevention and therapy of alcohol withdrawal on intensive care units: systematic review of controlled trials. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;37:675-686.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23550610?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Lukan JK, Reed DN Jr, Looney SW, et al. Risk factors for delirium tremens in trauma patients. J Trauma. 2002;53:901-906.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12435941?tool=bestpractice.com在后续研究中,外伤患者的 AWS 的发生率小于 1%。[16]Jawa RS, Stothert JC, Shostrom VK, et al. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome in admitted trauma patients. Am J Surg. 2014;208:781-787.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25062967?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Salottolo K, McGuire E, Mains CW, et al. Occurrence, predictors, and prognosis of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and delirium tremens following traumatic injury. Crit Care Med. 2017;45:867-874.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28266937?tool=bestpractice.com然而,在有 AWS 的外伤患者中,大部分患者 (53%) 经历过重度 AWS,包括震颤谵妄 (DT) (11%)。[17]Salottolo K, McGuire E, Mains CW, et al. Occurrence, predictors, and prognosis of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and delirium tremens following traumatic injury. Crit Care Med. 2017;45:867-874.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28266937?tool=bestpractice.com
多达 25% 的 AWS 患者会出现幻觉,而癫痫发作见于 10% 的患者。[18]Gold JA, Nelson LS. Chapter 81: ethanol withdrawal. In: Hoffman RS, Howland MA, Lewin NA, et al, eds. Goldfrank’s toxicologic emergencies, 10th edition. Columbus, OH: McGraw Hill Professional; 2015:1108-1113.如果 AWS 未治疗或未充分治疗,5% 的患者会进展为 DT,一般是在末次饮酒后 48 至 72 小时。[5]Schuckit MA. Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens). N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2109-2113.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1407298http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25427113?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Stehman CR, Mycyk MB. A rational approach to the treatment of alcohol withdrawal in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2013;31:734-742.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23399338?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Sarff M, Gold JA. Alcohol withdrawal syndromes in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(9 Suppl):S494-S501.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20724883?tool=bestpractice.com由于药物治疗和支持性治疗的改善,DT 相关性死亡率低于 5%。[5]Schuckit MA. Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens). N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2109-2113.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1407298http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25427113?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Ferguson JA, Suelzer CJ, Eckert GJ, et al. Risk factors for delirium tremens development. J Gen Intern Med. 1996;11:410-414.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8842933?tool=bestpractice.com