为了最大限度地提高抗生素治疗的有效性,并避免产生耐药性,联合治疗是必要的。
MAI肺部疾病
两种大环内酯类(克拉霉素或阿奇霉素)任选其一,加乙胺丁醇和利福布汀组成一线治疗方案。利福平可以取代利福布汀。
氨基糖苷类,阿米卡星或链霉素,可以加用至临床广泛性疾病(例如,多肺叶或纤维空洞性疾病)。
患者需要治疗直至培养阴性1年。[27]Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, et al. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Feb 15;175(4):367-416.http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CEUQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoracic.org%2Fstatements%2Fresources%2Fmtpi%2Fnontuberculous-mycobacterial-diseases.pdf&ei=BjxxUcLJE4HePa7FgYgL&usg=AFQjCNEc6GtOjgkPk_ip1L6xNatNcSqNSQ&sig2=kbl1DTUySUhzzCahcoDuFg&bvm=bv.45373924,d.ZWUhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17277290?tool=bestpractice.com
可能需要进行肺切除术(肺叶切除/肺切除)的患者包括:
局限性表现,尤其是上叶空洞症
6个月的连续药物治疗后痰培养没有转阴的患者
不能耐受药物治疗的患者。
MAI播散性疾病
克拉霉素和乙胺丁醇组成治疗的基石。如果存在药物相互作用和/或耐受性问题时,可用阿奇霉素可以取代克拉霉素。利福布汀可以作为第三种药加入,用于严重免疫抑制(CD4计数<50个/μL)或者高分枝杆菌载量或者未接受有效抗HIV病毒治疗的患者。[28]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. August 2017. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ (last accessed 9 August 2017).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
治疗至少12个月之后,没有MAI感染相关的体征和症状,并且CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数持续增加至超过100个/μL,超过6个月,可以停药。
HIV感染者必须接受有效的抗逆转录病毒治疗。
需要注意与抗逆转录病毒药物之间的相互作用:尤其是蛋白酶抑制剂和非核苷逆转录酶抑制剂与利福霉素(利福布汀和利福平)。[28]Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. August 2017. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ (last accessed 9 August 2017).https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf
MAI淋巴结炎
需要立即手术完全切除受累的淋巴结。如果病变广泛或手术治疗反应差,可开始抗分枝杆菌治疗。[27]Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, et al. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Feb 15;175(4):367-416.http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CEUQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoracic.org%2Fstatements%2Fresources%2Fmtpi%2Fnontuberculous-mycobacterial-diseases.pdf&ei=BjxxUcLJE4HePa7FgYgL&usg=AFQjCNEc6GtOjgkPk_ip1L6xNatNcSqNSQ&sig2=kbl1DTUySUhzzCahcoDuFg&bvm=bv.45373924,d.ZWUhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17277290?tool=bestpractice.com
MAI过敏性肺炎
禁用热浴盆适用于大多数患者。
泼尼松龙逐渐减量大于4至8周是可选择的治疗方法。如果病变广泛或者症状进展,需使用抗结核药物,虽然目前仍有争议。[27]Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, et al. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Feb 15;175(4):367-416.http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CEUQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoracic.org%2Fstatements%2Fresources%2Fmtpi%2Fnontuberculous-mycobacterial-diseases.pdf&ei=BjxxUcLJE4HePa7FgYgL&usg=AFQjCNEc6GtOjgkPk_ip1L6xNatNcSqNSQ&sig2=kbl1DTUySUhzzCahcoDuFg&bvm=bv.45373924,d.ZWUhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17277290?tool=bestpractice.com