手术还是非手术治疗肩袖撕裂的决策取决于以下几个因素:撕裂大小,患者年龄,期望活动恢复程度,肌腱回缩程度,肩袖肌肉痿缩与脂肪取代程度。如果肌力下降,功能明显障碍或者理疗和药物治疗数月后疼痛持续,则建议尽快手术治疗。[18]Oh LS, Wolf BR, Hall MP, et al. Indications for rotator cuff repair: a systematic review. Clin Orthop. 2007;455:52-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17179786?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Seida JC, LeBlanc C, Schouten JR, et al. Systematic review: nonoperative and operative treatments for rotator cuff tears. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153:246-255.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20621893?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). Comparative effectiveness of nonoperative and operative treatments for rotator cuff tears. July 2010. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (last accessed 20 October 2016).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK47305/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21028756?tool=bestpractice.com
损伤时间长短也非常重要,因为撕裂的肩袖功能及表现随时间延长逐步下降。在慢性撕裂中肌肉组织萎缩,被脂肪组织替代,也称为脂肪变。肩袖肌肉脂肪变程度和损伤时间之间有直接相关关系。[21]Goutallier D, Postel JM, Bernageau J, et al. Fatty muscle degeneration in cuff ruptures: pre- and postoperative evaluation by CT scan. Clin Orthop. 1994;304:78-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8020238?tool=bestpractice.com研究者发现,当脂肪变尚轻微时,修补术后功能改善程度较优,再撕裂率降低。对于60岁以上的患者来说,修补术预后仍可良好。[22]Downie BK, Miller BS. Treatment of rotator cuff tears in older individuals: a systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21:1255-1261.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22365558?tool=bestpractice.com
急性撕裂(距离外伤6周之内)
急性撕裂的治疗策略根据撕裂大小、患者就诊时的症状来决定。理疗医师对于恢复来说非常有帮助。
小型肩袖撕裂
对于功能状态良好,尤其是对有较高功能要求的患者来说,手术修复是一线选择。治疗方式包括关节镜、小切口和切开手术。首要治疗目标是重建无痛的、功能良好的肩关节。单排修补和双排修补之间尚存在争议,一项荟萃分析显示两者间没有明显区别。[23]Sheibani-Rad S, Giveans MR, Arnoczky SP, et al. Arthroscopic single-row versus double-row rotator cuff repair: a meta-analysis of the randomized clinical trials. Arthroscopy. 2013;29:343-348.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23369480?tool=bestpractice.com但是,另一项 meta 分析发现,双排修补较单排修补而言,有着更低的再撕裂率、更高的美国肩肘外科协会 (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, ASES) 评分和更大的活动范围(内旋),尤其是>3cm 的撕裂。[24]Xu C, Zhao J, Li D. Meta-analysis comparing single-row and double-row repair techniques in the arthroscopic treatment of rotator cuff tears. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014;23:182-188.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24183478?tool=bestpractice.com最后一项 meta 分析发现,与双排修补相比,单排修补导致的再撕裂率明显较高,尤其是部分再撕裂。临床效果方面两者间没有明显区别。[25]Millett PJ, Warth RJ, Dornan GJ, et al. Clinical and structural outcomes after arthroscopic single-row versus double-row rotator cuff repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis of level I randomized clinical trials. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014;23:586-597.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24411671?tool=bestpractice.com这三项研究提示双排修补可有更好的愈合率,但短期效果方面两者无差异。
对于小型撕裂伴活动度及肌力轻微损伤的老年、久坐患者及对功能要求较低的患者,应首先考虑非手术治疗。冰敷、拉伸活动以及非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs)是首选。如果关节活动度改善的话(通常发生在4周左右),可在拉伸活动的基础上增加肌张力训练。如果康复治疗及NSAIDs效果不佳,可以考虑使用肩峰下注射糖皮质激素来控制炎症,减轻疼痛。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 肩峰下注射。在肩峰后下方入针,平行肩峰下表面进针。来自医学博士 Daniel J. Solomon 的收集;经获准使用 [Citation ends].Meta 分析表明,在治疗后 4-6 周时,就缓解患者的肩部疼痛而言,非甾体抗炎药不如皮质类固醇注射有效。不过,数量有限的研究和小规模的各项试验要求在解释时必须谨慎。[26]Zheng XQ, Li K, Wei YD, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs versus corticosteroid for treatment of shoulder pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95:1824-1831.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24841629?tool=bestpractice.com注射后过几天便可以继续进行康复锻炼。[27]Coombes BK, Bisset L, Vicenzino B. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2010;376:1751-1767.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20970844?tool=bestpractice.com如果药物治疗、康复治疗4-6周后患者无应答,可考虑行手术治疗。
中、大型或巨大可修复的肩袖撕裂
对于功能状态良好,尤其是对有较高功能要求的患者来说,手术修复是一线选择。治疗方式包括关节镜、小切口和切开手术。首要治疗目标是重建无痛的、功能良好的肩关节。
如果患者为高龄、久坐不动者,则在手术前应考虑非甾体抗炎药、冰敷、拉伸和锻炼Improvement assessed by improvement in 1 or more of shoulder impairment, shoulder disability, pain, patient-perceived effect/benefit, impact on quality of life: there is poor-quality evidence from observational studies that supports the use of exercise in the management of full-thickness rotator cuff tears.[28]Ainsworth R, Lewis JS. Exercise therapy for the conservative management of full thickness tears of the rotator cuff: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41:200-210.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17264144?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Kuhn JE. Exercise in the treatment of rotator cuff impingement: a systematic review and a synthesized evidence-based rehabilitation protocol. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2009;18:138-160.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18835532?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。等康复治疗。
对于无法修复的肩袖撕裂来说
关节清创术适合疼痛为主或肩关节力量要求较低的患者。理想情况下,患者三角肌功能较好,有完整的喙突肩峰弓。清创术的同时必要的话可进行肩峰下减压术,注意保护喙肩韧带。
肌肉转位术适合对肩部力量要求较高的患者。患者能够且愿意在术后进行大量康复锻炼。肌肉转位术对于累及肩胛下肌和冈上肌的前上方撕裂和累及冈上肌、冈下肌的后上方撕裂较有效。前上方撕裂常使用胸大肌,后上方撕裂常用背阔肌。[30]Warner JJ. Management of massive irreparable rotator cuff tears: the role of tendon transfer. Instr Course Lect. 2001;50:63-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11372361?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Gerber C, Hersche O. Tendon transfers for the treatment of irreparable rotator cuff defects. Orthop Clin North Am. 1997;28:195-203.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9113715?tool=bestpractice.com
反式全肩置换术适用于长期肩袖撕裂后盂肱关节退变明显的患者(肩袖撕裂关节病)[32]Beaudreuil J, Dhénain M, Coudane H, Mlika-Cabanne N. Clinical practice guidelines for the surgical management of rotator cuff tears in adults. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2010;96:175-179.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20464793?tool=bestpractice.com标准的全肩置换术不适用于伴有不可修复肩袖撕裂的盂肱关节炎患者。[33]Izquierdo R, Voloshin I, Edwards S, et al; American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. Treatment of glenohumeral osteoarthritis. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2010;18:375-382.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20511443?tool=bestpractice.com
慢性撕裂
慢性撕裂应首先采用非手术治疗(例如:冰敷、拉伸训练、抗炎药和肩峰下注射)。理疗医师对于恢复来说非常有帮助。如果非手术治疗无效的话则应行手术治疗。
在伴有大型慢性撕裂的老年患者当中,组织质量往往不佳,无法愈合。这些患者与那些对肩关节活动要求低的患者一样,更希望恢复无痛的功能性活动度,而非过顶运动。精心设计的包含拉伸和力量训练的非手术治疗方案往往能够达到这些目标。[34]Williams GR Jr, Rockwood CA Jr, Bigliani LU, et al. Rotator cuff tears: why do we repair them? J Bone Joint Surg. 2004;86:2764-2776.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15590865?tool=bestpractice.com这一康复锻炼的主要目标是控制疼痛、恢复完全被动活动,以及优化肩袖和肩胛骨周围肌肉的力量和协作。
如果症状影响康复锻炼的话,可以使用肩峰下糖皮质激素注射。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 肩峰下注射。在肩峰后下方入针,平行肩峰下表面进针。来自医学博士 Daniel J. Solomon 的收集;经获准使用 [Citation ends].注射之后可继续进行康复锻炼。
一项 meta 分析发现,就缓解肩部疼痛而言,肩胛上神经阻滞与关节内皮质类固醇注射具有相似的疗效,如果在单独注射皮质类固醇无法持续缓解疼痛时,可以用作辅助治疗。[35]Chang KV, Hung CY, Wu WT, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of suprascapular nerve block with physical therapy, placebo, and intra-articular injection in management of chronic shoulder pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97:1366-1380.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26701762?tool=bestpractice.com
对于经过6-12周治疗后仍然疼痛的患者,可以根据患者情况考虑以下几种手术方式:[32]Beaudreuil J, Dhénain M, Coudane H, Mlika-Cabanne N. Clinical practice guidelines for the surgical management of rotator cuff tears in adults. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2010;96:175-179.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20464793?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Oh LS, Wolf BR, Hall MP, et al. Indications for rotator cuff repair: a systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;455:52-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17179786?tool=bestpractice.com
关节镜、小切口或切开手术修复:主要适用于疼痛、活动障碍希望能够恢复术前活动水平的患者。
关节清理和肩峰下减压术:主要适用于疼痛为主关节活动受限不明显,或者功能要求不高的患者。
半肩置换术,反式全肩置换术以及肩袖成形术是长期撕裂和肩袖撕裂性关节病患者的补救疗法。[33]Izquierdo R, Voloshin I, Edwards S, et al; American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. Treatment of glenohumeral osteoarthritis. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2010;18:375-382.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20511443?tool=bestpractice.com
盂肱关节融合术:治疗无法耐受的疼痛的最后一种办法,但丢失了盂肱关节所有活动度。很少用于年轻患者,但可用于反式全肩置换失败者。
年轻患者常采用更积极的治疗办法,其治疗方案中常较早的考虑手术治疗,尤其是如果其主诉力量减弱。[36]Oh LS, Wolf BR, Hall MP, et al. Indications for rotator cuff repair: a systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;455:52-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17179786?tool=bestpractice.com
手术修复技术
在切开肩袖修补术中,术者视野常被切口所限制。而关节镜则允许术者从各个角度接近和评估撕裂,从而可更好的从解剖结构上定义及修补肩袖。在肩袖修补的同时可以明确盂肱关节病理学是一个主要的益处。盂唇撕裂,尤其是SLAP撕裂和肱二头肌肌腱疾病常与肩袖撕裂相伴发生。同时对这些疾病进行治疗可以有效的改善术后效果。
除了这些优点以外,切开手术、小切口和关节镜下修补术疗效和患者满意度类似。
经典文献描述切开肩袖修补术满意率从70%到95%不等。[37]Sperling JW, Cofield RH. Rotator cuff repair in patients fifty years of age and younger. J Bone Joint Surg. 2004;86:2212-2215.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15466730?tool=bestpractice.com
对于全关节镜下修补来说,一项研究显示术后2.5年84%满意率。[38]Gartsman GM, Khan M, Hammerman SM. Arthroscopic repair of full thickness tears of the rotator cuff. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998;80:832-840.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9655101?tool=bestpractice.com另一项研究显示术后3.5年95%满意率,中小型肩袖撕裂和大型或巨大型肩袖撕裂相比,修复后疗效没有明显区别。[39]Burkhart SS, Danaceau SM, Pearce CE. Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: analysis of results by tear size and by repair technique-margin convergence versus direct tendon-to-bone repair. Arthroscopy. 2001;17:905-912.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11694920?tool=bestpractice.com
最新修复技术包括双排铆钉修补,类似经骨道肩袖修补等,与传统的单排关节镜下修补相比,也许能够改善愈合率。[40]Wall LB, Keener JD, Brophy RH. Clinical outcomes of double-row versus single-row rotator cuff repairs. Arthroscopy. 2009;25:1312-1318.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19896054?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Saridakis P, Jones G. Outcomes of single-row and double-row arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:732-742.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194334?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Nho SJ, Slabaugh MA, Seroyer ST, et al. Does the literature support double-row suture anchor fixation for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair? A systematic review comparing double-row and single-row suture anchor configuration. Arthroscopy. 2009;25:1319-1328.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19896055?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Duquin TR, Buyea C, Bisson LJ. Which method of rotator cuff repair leads to the highest rate of structural healing? A systematic review. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38:835-841.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20357403?tool=bestpractice.com但是,双排修补术带来的更高肌腱愈合率可能不会转化为更好的肩关节功能改善、患者满意度或复工率。[44]Prasathaporn N, Kuptniratsaikul S, Kongrukgreatiyos K. Single-row repair versus double-row repair of full-thickness rotator cuff tears. Arthroscopy. 2011;27:978-985.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21693349?tool=bestpractice.com
研究发现为达到良好手术效果,并不一定需要同时进行肩峰下减压术和肩袖修补术。[45]Chahal J, Mall N, MacDonald PB, et al. The role of subacromial decompression in patients undergoing arthroscopic repair of full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthroscopy. 2012;28:720-727.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22305327?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Pedowitz RA, Yamaguchi K, Ahmad CS, et al. Optimizing the management of rotator cuff problems. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011;19:368-379.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21628648?tool=bestpractice.com
已使用有益处的富血小板血浆注射 (PRP),但对于其可增强肩袖(旋转套)修补术效果这一点,结果并不一致。[47]Longo UG, Loppini M, Berton A, et al. Platelet-rich plasma augmentation in rotator cuff surgery: state of art. Op Tech Orthopaedics. 2012;22:86-90.[48]Moraes VY, Lenza M, Tamaoki MJ, et al. Platelet-rich therapies for musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(4):CD010071.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010071.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24782334?tool=bestpractice.com当初始撕裂大小从前到后长度超过 3 cm 时,关节镜双排修补外加 PRP 的小组较不加 PRP 的小组而言,再撕裂率有所降低。[49]Warth RJ, Dornan GJ, James EW, et al. Clinical and structural outcomes after arthroscopic repair of full-thickness rotator cuff tears with and without platelet-rich product supplementation: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Arthroscopy. 2015;31:306-320.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25450417?tool=bestpractice.com但是,对于更大的撕裂,即使进行双排修补,PRP 单独的有益疗效也不足以弥补进展性组织损伤。[50]Vavken P, Sadoghi P, Palmer M, et al. Platelet-rich plasma reduces retear rates after arthroscopic repair of small- and medium-sized rotator cuff tears but is not cost-effective. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:3071-3076.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25767267?tool=bestpractice.comPRP 可以促进中小撕裂的愈合,从而降低再撕裂率。[50]Vavken P, Sadoghi P, Palmer M, et al. Platelet-rich plasma reduces retear rates after arthroscopic repair of small- and medium-sized rotator cuff tears but is not cost-effective. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:3071-3076.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25767267?tool=bestpractice.com但是,meta 分析并不支持在关节镜下全层肩袖撕裂修补术中使用富血小板血浆的疗效优于在修补术中不使用富血小板血浆的疗效。[51]Zhao JG, Zhao L, Jiang YX, et al. Platelet-rich plasma in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arthroscopy. 2015;31:125-135.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25278352?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Cai YZ, Zhang C, Lin XJ. Efficacy of platelet-rich plasma in arthroscopic repair of full-thickness rotator cuff tears: a meta-analysis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015;24:1852-1859.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26456434?tool=bestpractice.com在术后 12 个月使用 PRP 进行增强时,就再撕裂率而言,三重负荷单排修补术与双排缝线桥技术没有区别。[53]Barber FA. Triple-loaded single-row versus suture-bridge double-row rotator cuff tendon repair with platelet-rich plasma fibrin membrane: a randomized controlled trial. Arthroscopy. 2016;32:753-761.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26821959?tool=bestpractice.com
一项关于小切口和关节镜下修补的直接比较研究显示在手术效果和患者满意率方面两者没有明显区别(小切口组:93%,关节镜组:91%)。[54]Severud EL, Ruotolo C, Abbott DD, et al. All-arthroscopic versus mini-open rotator cuff repair: a long-term retrospective outcome comparison. Arthroscopy. 2003;19:234-238.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12627146?tool=bestpractice.com虽然两组末次随访时关节活动度类似,但在术后早期关节镜组患者活动度更好。因此,相对于小切口修复,全关节镜下修复一结束,患者即可以进行术后康复锻炼。数个后续研究也报道了相似的结果:小切口和关节镜下修复没有明显手术疗效的区别。[55]Sauerbrey AM, Getz CL, Piancastelli M, et al. Arthroscopic versus mini-open rotator cuff repair: a comparison of clinical outcome. Arthroscopy. 2005;21:1415-1420.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16376228?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Verma NN, Dunn W, Adler RS, et al. All-arthroscopic versus mini-open rotator cuff repair: a retrospective review with minimum 2 year follow-up. Arthroscopy. 2006;22:587-594.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16762695?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Coghlan JA, Buchbinder R, Green S, et al. Surgery for rotator cuff disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD005619.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254085?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Morse K, Davis AD, Afra R, et al. Arthroscopic versus mini-open rotator cuff repair: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36:1824-1828.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18753683?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Nho SJ, Shindle MK, Sherman SL, et al. Systematic review of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair and mini-open rotator cuff repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(suppl 3):127-136.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17908878?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Wang YJ, Song YC, Fang R, et al. Comparison of therapeutic effect of arthroscope versus mini-open in treating rotator cuff impairment: a meta-analysis. Chin J Evid Based Med. 2010;10:1222-1227.
肩胛下肌撕裂可发生于年轻患者中,尤其是外伤导致。通常术后愈合率以及功能恢复较满意。[61]Mall NA, Chahal J, Heard WM, et al. Outcomes of arthroscopic and open surgical repair of isolated subscapularis tendon tears. Arthroscopy. 2012;28:1306-1314.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22607828?tool=bestpractice.com切开手术或者关节镜修补手术均可,但是,关节镜手术更适用于那些富有镜下操作经验的术者。肩胛下肌部分撕裂,一般是上半部分,在关节镜下更易修复。术者一般应采用他们最熟悉且最擅长的手术方式。