多项研究发现手术修补能够提供良好的功能恢复和患者满意度。对于功能活动要求较低的患者来说,非手术治疗可能更加适合,而且同样能够达到良好的效果。
手术修补
首要目标是恢复无痛的、活动良好的肩关节。关节镜下、小切口和传统切开手术均能够达到这一目标。[32]Beaudreuil J, Dhénain M, Coudane H, Mlika-Cabanne N. Clinical practice guidelines for the surgical management of rotator cuff tears in adults. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2010;96:175-179.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20464793?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Gartsman GM, Khan M, Hammerman SM. Arthroscopic repair of full thickness tears of the rotator cuff. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998;80:832-840.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9655101?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Burkhart SS, Danaceau SM, Pearce CE. Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: analysis of results by tear size and by repair technique-margin convergence versus direct tendon-to-bone repair. Arthroscopy. 2001;17:905-912.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11694920?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Severud EL, Ruotolo C, Abbott DD, et al. All-arthroscopic versus mini-open rotator cuff repair: a long-term retrospective outcome comparison. Arthroscopy. 2003;19:234-238.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12627146?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Wang YJ, Song YC, Fang R, et al. Comparison of therapeutic effect of arthroscope versus mini-open in treating rotator cuff impairment: a meta-analysis. Chin J Evid Based Med. 2010;10:1222-1227.患者多在26-52周内恢复正常功能,恢复时间根据撕裂大小、疾病类型和活动量不同而不同。
肩袖撕裂未愈合并不一定导致患者满意度下降。肩袖修补术后不愈合率可高达94%,但多项研究发现患者满意度在85%以上。[71]Gerber C, Fuchs B, Hodler J. The results of repair of massive tears of the rotator cuff. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82:505-515.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10761941?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Watson EM, Sonnabend DH. Outcome of rotator cuff repair. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2002;11:201-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12070490?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Galatz LM, Ball CM, Teefey SA, et al. The outcome and repair integrity of completely arthroscopically repaired large and massive rotator cuff tears. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86:219-224.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14960664?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Klepps S, Bishop J, Lin J, et al. Prospective evaluation of the effect of rotator cuff integrity on the outcome of open rotator cuff repairs. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:1716-1722.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15494338?tool=bestpractice.com但是,一项综述提示在愈合和未愈合患者间临床效果可有明显差异。还需要进一步研究以明确这些差异以及预后因素。[75]Slabaugh MA, Nho SJ, Grumet RC, et al. Does the literature confirm superior clinical results in radiographically healed rotator cuffs after rotator cuff repair? Arthroscopy. 2010;26:393-403.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20206051?tool=bestpractice.com
而高龄、慢性撕裂、萎缩、脂肪变都会导致效果变差,不论哪种手术都是如此。另外,年轻患者,高要求患者重返体育场后往往还是会有活动受限,术后满意率相对较低。
非手术性康复治疗
对于功能要求较低的患者来说,精心设计的包含拉伸和力量训练的非手术治疗方案往往能够恢复无痛的、功能活动范围的肩关节。研究者发现家庭康复锻炼为主的康复方案可以达到68%优良率。[34]Williams GR Jr, Rockwood CA Jr, Bigliani LU, et al. Rotator cuff tears: why do we repair them? J Bone Joint Surg. 2004;86:2764-2776.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15590865?tool=bestpractice.com一项研究发现,家庭康复治疗与正式专业康复治疗效果类似,2个月后各有2/3患者得到了显著改善。[76]Krischak G, Gebhard F, Reichel H, et al. A prospective randomized controlled trial comparing occupational therapy with home-based exercises in conservative treatment of rotator cuff tears. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2013;22:1173-1179.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523073?tool=bestpractice.com
在肩峰下撞击综合征患者中,在家中锻炼和受监督锻炼的效果相似,就疼痛和残疾而言没有显著差别。监督超过为期 6 周的锻炼方案(第一阶段),在疼痛和残疾方面未能产生显著差异。[77]Granviken F, Vasseljen O. Home exercises and supervised exercises are similarly effective for people with subacromial impingement: a randomised trial. J Physiother. 2015;61:135-141.http://www.journalofphysiotherapy.com/article/S1836-9553(15)00053-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26093810?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Baumgarten KM, Osborn R, Schweinle WE Jr, et al. Are pulley exercises initiated 6 weeks after rotator cuff repair a safe and effective rehabilitative treatment? A randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44:1844-1851.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27159310?tool=bestpractice.com