通过犬或森林蜱咬伤传播,美国大部分地区主要见于春季和夏季。
阅读更多常报告发热、头痛、肌痛、皮疹、呕吐和蜱咬伤史;然而,即使没有这些症状或既往史也不能排除此诊断。在高达 45% 病例中可能无法问出蜱咬伤史。
由于其体征和症状难以与其他常见病毒性疾病进行区分,可能导致诊断延迟。
对于所有临床表现相符和近期户外暴露的个体,应考虑此诊断。
多西环素是治疗各年龄患者的首选药物,几乎能 100% 治愈,尤其在发病的前 5 天给药时。
如患者未在患病第 5 天前开始接受适当治疗,死亡风险会增加,因此在获得确诊检查结果前,应对于怀疑落基山斑疹热的患者给予多西环素治疗。
落基山斑疹热 (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, RMSF) 是由立克次体感染引发的一种全身性血管炎,立克次体是一种经蜱传播的革兰氏阴性胞内寄生菌。[1]Biggs HM, Behravesh CB, Bradley KK, et al. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other spotted fever group rickettsioses, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis - United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016;65:1-44.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6502a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27172113?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 显示血管内皮细胞中 立氏立克次体 的免疫组化染色CDC;经授权使用 [Citation ends].立氏立克次体是斑疹热型 (SFG) 立克次体的一种,在遗传学和抗原特征方面与其他类型密切相关。它是北美最常报告的 SFG 立克次体感染,也是美国最常见的致死性蜱传播感染。[2]Drexler NA, Dahlgren FS, Heitman KN, et al. National surveillance of spotted fever group rickettsioses in the United States, 2008-2012. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;94:26-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26324732?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Openshaw JJ, Swerdlow DL, Krebs JW, et al. Rocky mountain spotted fever in the United States, 2000-2007: interpreting contemporary increases in incidence. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;83:174-182.http://www.ajtmh.org/content/83/1/174.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20595498?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Adams DA, Jajosky RA, Ajani U, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary of notifiable diseases - United States, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;61:1-121.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6153a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25233134?tool=bestpractice.com 发热、皮疹、头痛和呕吐是最常见的临床表现,但由于几乎所有器官都可能受累,因此感染的表现和临床过程可能不同。[1]Biggs HM, Behravesh CB, Bradley KK, et al. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other spotted fever group rickettsioses, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis - United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016;65:1-44.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6502a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27172113?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Helmick CG, Bernard KW, D'Angelo LJ. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological features of 262 cases. J Infect Dis. 1984;150:480-488.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6491365?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Buckingham SC, Marshall GS, Schutze GE, et al. Clinical and laboratory features, hospital course, and outcome of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in children. J Pediatr. 2007;150:180-184.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17236897?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Traeger MS, Regan JJ, Humpherys D, et al. Rocky Mountain spotted fever characterization and comparison to similar illnesses in a highly endemic area - Arizona, 2002-2011. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:1650-1658.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4699465/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25697743?tool=bestpractice.com 蜱咬伤部位无特征性的焦痂或结痂,与其他蜱传播 SFG 立克次体导致的感染不同。