针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐
切除技术除去病变组织,由于疗效较好,比生理性手术更受欢迎。抽吸辅助脂肪切除术被认为是肢体淋巴水肿的一线手术治疗方法。[1]Schook CC, Mulliken JB, Fishman SJ, et al. Primary lymphedema: clinical features and management in 138 pediatric patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;127:2419-2431.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21617474?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Slavin SA, Greene AK, Borud LJ. Lymphedema. In: Weinzweig J, ed. Plastic surgery secrets plus. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby; 2009.[32]Brorson H, Svensson H. Liposuction combined with controlled compression therapy reduces arm lymphedema more effectively than controlled compression therapy alone. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102:1058-1067.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9734424?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Greene AK, Slavin SA, Borud L. Treatment of lower extremity lymphedema with suction-assisted lipectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118:118e-121e.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17016168?tool=bestpractice.com其他切除手术有Charles手术(由于高并发症发生率,很少开展)和分期皮下切除术。
生理性手术可通过建立新通道、淋巴管—静脉吻合或将淋巴管转移至受累部位来重新建立淋巴管连接。实例包括淋巴管成形术、淋巴结静脉吻合、淋巴管静脉吻合、淋巴管移植、带蒂瓣转位和游离组织转移。[3]Slavin SA, Greene AK, Borud LJ. Lymphedema. In: Weinzweig J, ed. Plastic surgery secrets plus. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby; 2009.[23]Slavin SA, Van den Abbeele A, Losken A, et al. Return of lymphatic function after flap transfer for acute lymphedema. Ann Surg. 1999;229:421-427.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1191709/pdf/annsurg00003-0135.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10077056?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Slavin SA, Upton J, Kaplan WD, et al. An investigation of lymphatic function following free-tissue transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;99:730-741.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9047193?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Baumeister RG, Siuda S. Treatment of lymphedemas by microsurgical lymphatic grafting: what is proved? Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990;85:64-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2293739?tool=bestpractice.com[56]O'Brien BM, Mellow CG, Khazanchi RK, et al. Long-term results after microlymphaticovenous anastomoses for the treatment of obstructive lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990;85:562-572.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2315396?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Becker C, Assouad J, Riquet M, et al. Postmastectomy lymphedema: long-term results following microsurgical lymph node transplantation. Ann Surg. 2006;243:313-315.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16495693?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Campisi C, Eretta C, Pertile D, et al. Microsurgery for treatment of peripheral lymphedema: long-term outcome and future perspectives. Microsurgery. 2007;27:333-338.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17477420?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Chang DW. Lymphaticovenular bypass for lymphedema management in breast cancer patients: a prospective study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;126:752-758.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20811210?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Lin CH, Ali R, Chen SC, et al. Vascularized groin lymph node transfer using the wrist as a recipient site for management of postmastectomy upper extremity lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;123:1265-1275.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19337095?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Nagase T, Gonda K, Inoue K, et al. Treatment of lymphedema with lymphaticovenular anastomoses. Int J Clin Oncol. 2005;10:304-310.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16247656?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Parrett BM, Sepic J, Pribaz JJ. The contralateral rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap for treatment of lower extremity lymphedema. Ann Plast Surg. 2009;62:75-79.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19131725?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Tourani SS, Taylor GI, Ashton MW. Vascularized lymph node transfer: a review of the current evidence. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;137:985-993.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26809038?tool=bestpractice.com目前,最常开展的两种生理性手术是淋巴管—静脉吻合和带脉管淋巴结移植。[57]Becker C, Assouad J, Riquet M, et al. Postmastectomy lymphedema: long-term results following microsurgical lymph node transplantation. Ann Surg. 2006;243:313-315.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16495693?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Campisi C, Eretta C, Pertile D, et al. Microsurgery for treatment of peripheral lymphedema: long-term outcome and future perspectives. Microsurgery. 2007;27:333-338.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17477420?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Chang DW. Lymphaticovenular bypass for lymphedema management in breast cancer patients: a prospective study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;126:752-758.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20811210?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Lin CH, Ali R, Chen SC, et al. Vascularized groin lymph node transfer using the wrist as a recipient site for management of postmastectomy upper extremity lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;123:1265-1275.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19337095?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Tourani SS, Taylor GI, Ashton MW. Vascularized lymph node transfer: a review of the current evidence. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;137:985-993.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26809038?tool=bestpractice.com
与去除受累组织的切除手术相比,通常认为生理性手术更难预测。[56]O'Brien BM, Mellow CG, Khazanchi RK, et al. Long-term results after microlymphaticovenous anastomoses for the treatment of obstructive lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990;85:562-572.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2315396?tool=bestpractice.com在脂肪沉积和纤维化发生之前的疾病早期进行淋巴管—静脉吻合术和淋巴结转移很可能更有效。对于中度或重度淋巴水肿的患者,生理性手术不会除去多余的纤维脂肪组织,因此,即使淋巴回流恢复,四肢体积也只能略微有所改善。
切除手术不是根治手段,需要穿静力加压服装终身加压以保持肢体体积的减小。