特征性病史和查体结果通常足以诊断粟粒疹。
病史和症状
晶状粟疹的特征是无症状的易脆小水疱,在暴露于刺激因素数天至数周后成群簇出现。[1]Wenzel FG, Horn TD. Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448199?tool=bestpractice.com 可诱发晶状粟疹的重要因素包括:[1]Wenzel FG, Horn TD. Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448199?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Arpey CJ, Nagashima-Whalen LS, Chren MM, et al. Congenital miliaria crystalline: case report and literature review. Pediatr Dermatol. 1992;9:283-287.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1488382?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Haas N, Martens F, Henz BM. Miliaria crystallina in an intensive care setting. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2004;29:32-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14723716?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Shuster S. Duct disruption, a new explanation of miliaria. Acta Derm Venereol. 1997;77:1-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9059666?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Rochmis PG, Koplon BS. Iatrogenic miliaria crystalline due to bethanechol. Arch Dermatol. 1967;95;499-500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6023703?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Gupta AK, Ellis CN, Madison KC, et al. Miliaria crystallina occurring in a patient treated with isotretinoin. Cutis. 1986;38:275-276.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3465509?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Godkar D, Razaq M, Fernandez G. Rare skin disorder complicating doxorubicin therapy: miliaria crystallina. Am J Ther. 2005;12:275-276.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15891274?tool=bestpractice.com
红粟疹的特征是出现丘疹,伴有瘙痒、针刺感、烧灼或刺痛感,呈阵发性,诱发出汗的刺激会加剧这些症状。[1]Wenzel FG, Horn TD. Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448199?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Sulzberger MB, Harris DR. Miliaria and anhidrosis. 3. Multiple small patches and the effects of different periods of occlusion. Arch Dermatol. 1972;105:845-850.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5030233?tool=bestpractice.com 红粟疹恶化后,患处通常会有一段时间的无汗症。[1]Wenzel FG, Horn TD. Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448199?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Sulzberger MB, Harris DR. Miliaria and anhidrosis. 3. Multiple small patches and the effects of different periods of occlusion. Arch Dermatol. 1972;105:845-850.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5030233?tool=bestpractice.com 红粟疹最常见于湿热环境中,高达 30% 暴露于此类环境的人会患红粟疹,患处常为摩擦和闭塞部位。[1]Wenzel FG, Horn TD. Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448199?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Lyons RE, Levine R, Auld D. Miliaria rubra, a manifestation of staphylococcal disease. Arch Dermatol. 1962;86:282-286.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14467655?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Sanderson PH, Sloper JC. Skin disease in the British army in SE Asia. I. Influence of the environment on skin disease. Br J Dermatol. 1953;65:252-264.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13059235?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管红粟疹最早可在暴露于热带环境后几天内发病,但最常在连续暴露于湿热环境 2 到 5 个月后发病。[1]Wenzel FG, Horn TD. Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448199?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Sanderson PH, Sloper JC. Skin disease in the British army in SE Asia. I. Influence of the environment on skin disease. Br J Dermatol. 1953;65:252-264.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13059235?tool=bestpractice.com
深粟疹一般在身处热带地区的成人反复发生红粟疹后发病,其特征是无症状性病变,在患者受出汗刺激后变得更明显。[1]Wenzel FG, Horn TD. Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448199?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,患者的患处无汗,面部、手上和脚上有代偿性多汗,并诉有中暑衰竭引起的无力和呼吸困难。[1]Wenzel FG, Horn TD. Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448199?tool=bestpractice.com[25]O'Brien JP. A study of miliaria rubra, tropical anhidrosis, and anhidrotic asthenia. Br J Dermatol. 1947;59:125-158.
体格检查
晶状粟疹的特征是弥漫性出疹,一般发生在躯干和四肢近端,为半透明、易脆的、非红色毛囊性水疱。在新生儿中,可能也会累及面部和颈部。[3]Arpey CJ, Nagashima-Whalen LS, Chren MM, et al. Congenital miliaria crystalline: case report and literature review. Pediatr Dermatol. 1992;9:283-287.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1488382?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Hidano A, Purwoko R, Jitsukawa K. Statistical survey of skin changes in Japanese neonates. Pediatr Dermatol. 1986;3:140-144.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3952030?tool=bestpractice.com 小水疱破裂后会流出透明的水样液体。出疹会自行消退,表面出现糠样脱皮。[1]Wenzel FG, Horn TD. Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448199?tool=bestpractice.com (“糠样”是指外观与谷类的硬质外层相似。)
红粟疹的特征是红色非毛囊性丘疹,中心有一水疱,位于摩擦和闭塞部位。[1]Wenzel FG, Horn TD. Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448199?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Arpey CJ, Nagashima-Whalen LS, Chren MM, et al. Congenital miliaria crystalline: case report and literature review. Pediatr Dermatol. 1992;9:283-287.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1488382?tool=bestpractice.com在成人中,出疹发生在躯干上,不会累及面部;而在新生儿中,可能会累及面部。[1]Wenzel FG, Horn TD. Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448199?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Arpey CJ, Nagashima-Whalen LS, Chren MM, et al. Congenital miliaria crystalline: case report and literature review. Pediatr Dermatol. 1992;9:283-287.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1488382?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Hidano A, Purwoko R, Jitsukawa K. Statistical survey of skin changes in Japanese neonates. Pediatr Dermatol. 1986;3:140-144.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3952030?tool=bestpractice.com 也可形成非毛囊性脓疱,如果泛发,该疾病被称为脓疱性粟粒疹。[1]Wenzel FG, Horn TD. Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448199?tool=bestpractice.com 患处可能发生无汗症。[1]Wenzel FG, Horn TD. Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448199?tool=bestpractice.com
深部粟疹的特征是正常肤色、非毛囊性深层丘疹,集中分布在躯干和四肢近端,受累区域有无汗症表现。[1]Wenzel FG, Horn TD. Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448199?tool=bestpractice.com 其他发现包括面部、腋窝、手部和脚部代偿性多汗,以及腹股沟和腋窝腺病。[1]Wenzel FG, Horn TD. Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448199?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 住院发热患者的晶状粟疹资料由 Brian L. Swick 提供,获准后使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 红粟疹资料由 Brian L. Swick 提供,获准后使用 [Citation ends].
实验室评估
通常依据病史和查体结果即可诊断,一般不需要进行实验室检查。但是,如果临床表现不太明显,可能需要对活跃病变进行皮肤活检来确诊。
对晶状粟疹病灶切片进行苏木精和伊红染色显示:末端汗管上有一个角质层下小水疱,无炎症细胞浸润。
对红粟疹病灶切片进行苏木精和伊红染色显示:表皮内汗管存在海绵层水肿,有时会形成海绵水肿性水疱,伴有淋巴细胞胞吐以及表面血管周围淋巴细胞和中性粒细胞浸润。
对深部粟疹病灶切片进行苏木精和伊红染色显示:表皮内海绵水肿,末端汗管有淋巴细胞胞吐,表面血管周围淋巴细胞和中性粒细胞浸润(比红粟疹的密集)。
可使用 Tzanck 涂片、病毒直接荧光抗体检查、培养或病毒聚合酶链反应排除疱疹性病毒感染。可使用细菌培养排除葡萄球菌感染,可使用真菌培养或氢氧化钾制剂排除念珠菌病。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 显微照片显示 Tzanck 涂片上存在单纯疱疹病毒资料由 Brian L. Swick 提供,获准后使用 [Citation ends].