所有类型的粟粒疹都是由于出汗过多引起的,经常发生于高温/潮湿的情况下,最有效的治疗方式是调节患者所处环境的温度和湿度,以减少出汗。[1]Wenzel FG, Horn TD. Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448199?tool=bestpractice.com 总体而言,唯一有效的治疗和预防方法是避免进一步出汗。[7]Haas N, Henz BM, Weigel H. Congenital miliaria crystallina. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47:S270-S272.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399748?tool=bestpractice.com
凉爽的环境和支持疗法
对于晶状粟疹患者,让其处于凉爽的环境中几个小时通常可以迅速缓解症状。[9]Haas N, Martens F, Henz BM. Miliaria crystallina in an intensive care setting. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2004;29:32-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14723716?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,深部粟粒疹的完全治疗需要远离高温数周到数月。[37]Lobitz WC Jr, Dobson L. Miliaria. Arch Environ Health. 1965;11:460-464.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5838885?tool=bestpractice.com 凉爽、舒缓的沐浴,并加入胶态燕麦片,可能有助于舒缓皮肤。[36]James WD, Berger TG, Elston DM. Andrews' diseases of the skin clinical dermatology. 11th ed. Elsevier Inc., 2006. 冷却风扇是一种有用的辅助手段,特别是对于由发热诱发晶状粟疹的患者。
已证明有多种治疗方法可通过防止过度出汗或出汗诱发的浸渍帮助缓解症状。建议所有患者定期洗澡,以清除皮肤上的盐分和细菌,特别是当处于炎热/潮湿的环境中时。[4]Kirk JF, Wilson BB, Chun W, et al. Miliaria profunda. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35:854-856.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8912605?tool=bestpractice.com 也可使用玉米淀粉和其他吸收性粉末吸收汗水和减少湿气,以防止粟粒疹的形成。[36]James WD, Berger TG, Elston DM. Andrews' diseases of the skin clinical dermatology. 11th ed. Elsevier Inc., 2006. 无水羊毛脂等保湿药膏可促进汗液的正常流动,从而能预防和治疗粟粒疹。[38]Stillman MA, Hindson TC, Maibach HI. The effect of pretreatment of skin on artificially induced miliaria rubra and hypohidrosis. Br J Dermatol. 1971;84:110-116.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4926865?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Shelley WB, Horvath PN, Pillsbury DM. Anhidrosis: an etiologic interpretation. Medicine (Baltimore). 1950;29:195-224.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14779746?tool=bestpractice.com[40]O'Brien JP. Aetiology of poral closure. J Invest Dermatol. 1950;15:95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15437051?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Simon NS, Fullen DR, Helfrich YR. Goosefleshlike lesions and hypohidrosis. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:1323-1328.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17938352?tool=bestpractice.com 有报告称口服抗坏血酸(维生素 C)可有效预防和治疗粟粒疹。病变消退:有低质量证据表明,抗坏血酸(维生素 C)减轻聚乙烯阻塞诱发的粟粒疹比安慰剂快得多。[42]Hindson TC, Worsley DE. The effects of administration of ascorbic acid in experimentally induced miliaria and hypohidrosis in volunteers. Br J Dermatol. 1969;81:226-227.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5775074?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 可使用解热药物降低发热患者的体温。[43]Khosla R, Guntupalli KK. Heat-related illnesses. Crit Care Clin. 1999;15:251-263.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10331127?tool=bestpractice.com
抗菌疗法
由于在所有类型的痱中表皮葡萄球菌都是可能的致病因素,因此还应考虑局部和全身使用抗菌药物,特别是可作为一种预防措施。[16]Holzle E, Kligman AM. The pathogenesis of miliaria rubra. Role of the resident microflora. Br J Dermatol. 1978;99:117-137.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/698101?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Simon NS, Fullen DR, Helfrich YR. Goosefleshlike lesions and hypohidrosis. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:1323-1328.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17938352?tool=bestpractice.com 已证明口服和全身性抗菌药物的使用可有效预防实验性诱发的粟粒疹,[16]Holzle E, Kligman AM. The pathogenesis of miliaria rubra. Role of the resident microflora. Br J Dermatol. 1978;99:117-137.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/698101?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Lobitz WC Jr, Dobson L. Miliaria. Arch Environ Health. 1965;11:460-464.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5838885?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Stillman MA, Hindson TC, Maibach HI. The effect of pretreatment of skin on artificially induced miliaria rubra and hypohidrosis. Br J Dermatol. 1971;84:110-116.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4926865?tool=bestpractice.com 但尚不清楚用于治疗已确诊粟粒疹的效果。[1]Wenzel FG, Horn TD. Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448199?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Holzle E, Kligman AM. The pathogenesis of miliaria rubra. Role of the resident microflora. Br J Dermatol. 1978;99:117-137.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/698101?tool=bestpractice.com 可在支持治疗的基础上加用局部治疗(例如氯己定)。
止痒药
瘙痒是粟粒疹(尤其是红粟疹)的常见症状,应根据需要进行治疗。含有薄荷醇和普莫卡因的洗剂均可抑制皮肤的感受器,从而减轻粟粒疹患者的瘙痒。[44]Hercogova J. Topical anti-itch therapy. Dermatologic Ther. 2005;18:341-343.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16297007?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Yosipovitch G, Maibach HI. Effects of topical pramoxine on experimentally induced pruritus in humans. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37:278-280.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9270522?tool=bestpractice.com 炉甘石洗剂也有效果,可能是因为其含有氧化锌,具有干燥的作用。对于更严重的患者,或者在一线治疗方法无效时,可外用中效的皮质类固醇。[46]Lebwohol MG, Heymann WR, Berth-Jones J, et al. Treatment of skin disease comprehensive therapeutic strategies. 2nd ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 2006.
异维 A 酸
尽管异维 A 酸与晶状粟疹的形成有关,[21]Gupta AK, Ellis CN, Madison KC, et al. Miliaria crystallina occurring in a patient treated with isotretinoin. Cutis. 1986;38:275-276.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3465509?tool=bestpractice.com 但短期使用可有效治疗深部粟粒疹。[4]Kirk JF, Wilson BB, Chun W, et al. Miliaria profunda. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35:854-856.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8912605?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Simon NS, Fullen DR, Helfrich YR. Goosefleshlike lesions and hypohidrosis. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:1323-1328.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17938352?tool=bestpractice.com