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Ball Arefiev KL, Hantash BM. Advances in the treatment of melasma: a review of the recent literature. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38:971-984.

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Victor FC, Gelber J, Rao B. Melasma: a review. J Cutan Med Surg. 2004;8:97-102.

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Rajaratnam R, Halpern J, Salim A, et al. Interventions for melasma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD003583.

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Grimes PE. Melasma. Etiologic and therapeutic considerations. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131:1453-1457.

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Kang HY, Ortonne JP. What should be considered in treatment of melasma. Ann Dermatol. 2010;22:373-378.

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Gupta AK, Gover MD, Nouri K, et al. The treatment of melasma: a review of clinical trials. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:1048-1065.

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1.  Ball Arefiev KL, Hantash BM. Advances in the treatment of melasma: a review of the recent literature. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38:971-984.

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2.  Victor FC, Gelber J, Rao B. Melasma: a review. J Cutan Med Surg. 2004;8:97-102.

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3.  Nicolaidou E, Antoniou C, Katsambas AD. Origin, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of facial hypermelanoses. Dermatol Clin. 2007;25:321-326.

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4.  Pandya AG, Hynan LS, Bhore R, et al. Reliability assessment and validation of the Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) and a new modified MASI scoring method. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64:78-83, 83.e1-83.e2.

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5.  Werlinger KD, Guevara IL, González CM, et al. Prevalence of self-diagnosed melasma among premenopausal Latino women in Dallas and Fort Worth, Tex. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:424-425.

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6.  Rajaratnam R, Halpern J, Salim A, et al. Interventions for melasma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD003583.

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7.  Guinot C, Cheffai S, Latreille J, et al. Aggravating factors for melasma: a prospective study in 197 Tunisian patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24:1060-1069.

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8.  Ortonne JP, Arellano I, Berneburg M, et al. A global survey of the role of ultraviolet radiation and hormonal influences in the development of melasma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:1254-1262.

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9.  Grimes PE. Melasma. Etiologic and therapeutic considerations. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131:1453-1457.

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10.  Kang HY, Ortonne JP. What should be considered in treatment of melasma. Ann Dermatol. 2010;22:373-378.

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11.  Torres-Álvarez B, Mesa-Garza IG, Castanedo-Cázares JP, et al. Histochemical and immunohistochemical study in melasma: evidence of damage in the basal membrane. Am J Dermatopathol. 2011;33:291-295.

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12.  Miot LD, Miot HA, Polettini J, et al. Morphologic changes and the expression of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and melanocortin-1 receptor in melasma lesions: a comparative study. Am J Dermatopathol. 2010;32:676-682.

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13.  Lakhdar H, Zouhair K, Khadir K, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a broad-spectrum sunscreen in the prevention of chloasma in pregnant women. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007;21:738-742.

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14.  Sarkar R, Jain RK, Puri P. Melasma in Indian males. Dermatol Surg. 2003;29:204.

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15.  Ardigo M, Cameli N, Berardesca E, et al. Characterization and evaluation of pigment distribution and response to therapy in melasma using in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy: a preliminary study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24:1296-1303.

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16.  Serrano G, Pujol C, Cuadra J, et al. Riehl's melanosis: pigmented contact dermatitis caused by fragrances. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;21:1057-1060.

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17.  Meffert JJ. Erythema dyschromicum perstans: a case report and review. Cutis. 2002;70:62.

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18.  Griffiths CE, Finkel LJ, Ditre CM, et al. Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) improves melasma. A vehicle-controlled, clinical trial. Br J Dermatol. 1993;129:415-421.

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19.  Kimbrough-Green CK, Griffiths CE, Finkel LJ, et al. Topical retinoic acid (tretinoin) for melasma in black patients. A vehicle-controlled clinical trial. Arch Dermatol. 1994;130:727-733.

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20.  Kang HY, Valerio L, Bahadoran P, et al. The role of topical retinoids in the treatment of pigmentary disorders: an evidence-based review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2009;10:251-260.

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21.  Chan R, Park KC, Lee MH, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of a fixed triple combination (fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%, hydroquinone 4%, tretinoin 0.05%) compared with hydroquinone 4% cream in Asian patients with moderate to severe melasma. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:697-703.

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22.  Taylor SC, Torok H, Jones T, et al. Efficacy and safety of a new triple-combination agent for the treatment of facial melasma. Cutis. 2003;72:67-72.

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23.  Arellano I, Cestari T, Ocampo-Candiani J, et al. Preventing melasma recurrence: prescribing a maintenance regimen with an effective triple combination cream based on long-standing clinical severity. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;26:611-618.

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24.  Prignano F, Ortonne JP, Buggiani G, et al. Therapeutical approaches in melasma. Dermatol Clin. 2007;25:337-342, viii.

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25.  Verallo-Rowell VM, Verallo V, Graupe K, et al. Double-blind comparison of azelaic acid and hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1989;143:58-61.

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26.  Balina LM, Graupe K. The treatment of melasma. 20% azelaic acid versus 4% hydroquinone cream. Int J Dermatol. 1991;30:893-895.

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27.  Draelos ZD. Skin lightening preparations and the hydroquinone controversy. Dermatol Ther. 2007;20:308-313.

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28.  Gupta AK, Gover MD, Nouri K, et al. The treatment of melasma: a review of clinical trials. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:1048-1065.

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29.  Chun EY, Lee JB, Lee KH. Focal trichloroacetic acid peel method for benign pigmented lesions in dark-skinned patients. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30:512-516.

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30.  Grimes PE. The safety and efficacy of salicylic acid chemical peels in darker racial-ethnic groups. Dermatol Surg. 1999;25:18-22.

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31.  Javaheri SM, Handa S, Kaur I, et al. Safety and efficacy of glycolic acid facial peel in Indian women with melasma. Int J Dermatol. 2001;40:354-357.

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32.  Soliman MM, Ramadan SA, Bassiouny DA, et al. Combined trichloroacetic acid peel and topical ascorbic acid versus trichloroacetic acid peel alone in the treatment of melasma: a comparative study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2007;6:89-94.

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33.  Nouri K, Bowes L, Chartier T, et al. Combination treatment of melasma with pulsed CO2 laser followed by Q-switched alexandrite laser: a pilot study. Dermatol Surg. 1999;25:494-497.

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34.  Angsuwarangsee S, Polnikorn N. Combined ultrapulse CO2 laser and Q-switched alexandrite laser compared with Q-switched alexandrite laser alone for refractory melasma: split-face design. Dermatol Surg. 2003;29:59-64.

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35.  Rokhsar CK, Fitzpatrick RE. The treatment of melasma with fractional photothermolysis: a pilot study. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31:1645-1650.

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36.  Kunachak S, Leelaudomlipi P, Wongwaisayawan S. Dermabrasion: a curative treatment for melasma. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2001;25:114-117.

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37.  Tierney EP, Hanke CW. Review of the literature: Treatment of dyspigmentation with fractionated resurfacing. Dermatol Surg. 2010;36:1499-1508.

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38.  Wanitphakdeedecha R, Manuskiatti W, Siriphukpong S, et al. Treatment of melasma using variable square pulse Er:YAG laser resurfacing. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35:475-481.

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39.  Tannous Z. Fractional resurfacing. Clin Dermatol. 2007;25:480-486.

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40.  Tehrani S, Tehrani S, Esmaili-Azad M, et al. Efficacy and safety of azelaic acid 20% plus hydroquinone 5% in the management of melasma. Iran J Dermatol. 2012;15:11-14.

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41.  Kodali S, Guevara IL, Carrigan CR, et al. A prospective, randomized, split-face, controlled trial of salicylic acid peels in the treatment of melasma in Latin American women. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63:1030-1035.

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42.  Figueiredo Souza L, Trancoso Souza S. Single-session intense pulsed light combined with stable fixed-dose triple combination topical therapy for the treatment of refractory melasma. Dermatol Ther. 2012;25:477-480.

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43.  Tirado-Sanchez A, Santamaría-Roman A, Ponce-Olivera RM. Efficacy of dioic acid compared with hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma. Int J Dermatol. 2009;48:893-895.

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44.  Espinal Perez LE, Moncada B, Castanedo-Cazares JP. A double-blind randomized trial of 5% ascorbic acid vs 4% hydroquinone in melasma. Int J Dermatol. 2004;43:604-607.

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45.  Khemis A, Kaiafa A, Queille-Roussel C, et al. Evaluation of efficacy and safety of rucinol serum in patients with melasma: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:997-1004.

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46.  Huh SY, Shin JW, Na JI, et al. The efficacy and safety of 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% cream for the treatment of melasma: a randomized controlled split-face trial. Ann Dermatol. 2010;22:21-25.

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47.  Ni Z, Mu Y, Gulati O. Treatment of melasma with Pycnogenol. Phytother Res. 2002;16:567-571.

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48.  Handog EB, Galang DA, de Leon-Godinez MA, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral procyanidin with vitamins A, C, E for melasma among Filipino women. Int J Dermatol. 2009;48:896-901.

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49.  Yi X, Zhao G, Zhang H, et al. MITF-siRNA formulation is a safe and effective therapy for human melasma. Mol Ther. 2011;19:362-371.

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50.  Ilknur T, Biçak MU, Demirtaşoğlu M, et al. Glycolic acid peels versus amino fruit acid peels in the treatment of melasma. Dermatol Surg. 2010;36:490-495.

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51.  Olumide YM, Odunowo BD, Odiase AO. Regional dermatoses in the African. Part I. Facial hypermelanosis. Int J Dermatol. 1991;30:186-189.

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