白癜风患者黑素细胞中的典型异常包括,活性氧(自由基)升高以及激活非折叠蛋白应答,促炎信号释放。[11]Passeron T, Ortonne JP. Activation of the unfolded protein response in vitiligo: the missing link? J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132:2502-2504.http://www.jidonline.org/article/S0022-202X(15)35523-8/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23069909?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Shah AA, Sinha AA. Oxidative stress and autoimmune skin disease. Eur J Dermatol. 2013;23:5-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23420016?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Laddha NC, Dwivedi M, Mansuri MS, et al. Vitiligo: interplay between oxidative stress and immune system. Exp Dermatol. 2013;22:245-250.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/exd.12103/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23425123?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Toosi S, Orlow SJ, Manga P. Vitiligo-inducing phenols activate the unfolded protein response in melanocytes resulting in upregulation of IL6 and IL8. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132:2601-2609.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3443495/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22696056?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Glassman SJ. Vitiligo, reactive oxygen species and T-cells. Clin Sci (Lond). 2011;120:99-120.http://www.clinsci.org/cs/120/0099/cs1200099.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20958268?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Schallreuter KU, Bahadoran P, Picardo M, et al. Vitiligo pathogenesis: autoimmune disease, genetic defect, excessive reactive oxygen species, calcium imbalance, or what else? Exp Dermatol. 2008;17:139-140.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00666_1.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18205713?tool=bestpractice.com 这些细胞应激诱发的信号最可能激活皮肤内的先天免疫细胞。[17]Richmond JM, Frisoli ML, Harris JE. Innate immune mechanisms in vitiligo: danger from within. Curr Opin Immunol. 2013;25:676-682.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3935321/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24238922?tool=bestpractice.com
树突细胞为先天免疫细胞,获取抗原并将其呈递给 T 细胞,从而激活适应性免疫反应。 研究表明,热休克蛋白和黑素细胞释放的其他应激诱发信号激活附近的树突细胞,使其能够成为 T 细胞反应的更有效的激活剂。[18]Mosenson JA, Zloza A, Klarquist J, et al. HSP70i is a critical component of the immune response leading to vitiligo. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2012;25:88-98.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3662798/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21978301?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Mosenson JA, Zloza A, Nieland JD, et al. Mutant HSP70 reverses autoimmune depigmentation in vitiligo. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5:174ra28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3912753/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23447019?tool=bestpractice.com
T 细胞活化和募集与皮肤内的干扰素 γ 和干扰素 γ 诱导的基因的表达相关。 动物模型研究显示,干扰素 γ 和干扰素 γ 诱发的趋化因子 CXCL10 对白癜风色素脱失发展和病情持续有一定影响。[20]Rashighi M, Agarwal P, Richmond JM, et al. CXCL10 is critical for the progression and maintenance of depigmentation in a mouse model of vitiligo. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6:223ra23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4086941/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24523323?tool=bestpractice.com
大多数已确定的白癜风治疗方法主要通过直接抑制皮肤内的免疫反应来起效,但也可促进黑素细胞的生长和迁移,尤其是通过窄频紫外线进行光疗。 所有上述途径均是新疗法开发的潜在目标。[21]van den Boorn JG, Melief CJ, Luiten RM. Monobenzone-induced depigmentation: from enzymatic blockade to autoimmunity. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2011;24:673-679.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21689385?tool=bestpractice.com
全基因组相关性研究支持这些观察结果,显示存在基因高风险变异体,包括黑素生物合成途径成员、细胞应激以及先天和获得性免疫反应。[22]Spritz RA. Six decades of vitiligo genetics: genome-wide studies provide insights into autoimmune pathogenesis. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132:268-273.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3258303/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21993561?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Jin Y, Andersen G, Yorgov D, et al. Genome-wide association studies of autoimmune vitiligo identify 23 new risk loci and highlight key pathways and regulatory variants. Nat Genet. 2016;48:1418-1424.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27723757?tool=bestpractice.com