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Ortonne J-P. Vitiligo and other disorders of hypopigmentation. In: Bolognia JL, Jorrizzo JL, Rapini RP, eds. Dermatology. New York, NY: Mosby; 2008:913-938.

Picardo M, Dell'Anna ML, Ezzedine K, et al. Vitiligo. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15011.

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Taieb A, Picardo M. Clinical practice: vitiligo. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:160-169.

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Alkhateeb A, Fain PR, Thody A, et al. Epidemiology of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases in Caucasian probands and their families. Pigment Cell Res. 2003;16:208-214.

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Parsad D, Gupta S. Standard guidelines of care for vitiligo surgery. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008;74:S37-S45.

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Falabella R. Surgical approaches for stable vitiligo. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31:1277-1284.

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Gawkrodger DJ, Ormerod AD, Shaw L, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and management of vitiligo. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:1051-1076.

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1.  Ezzedine K, Lim HW, Suzuki T, et al; Vitiligo Global Issue Consensus Conference Panelists. Revised classification/nomenclature of vitiligo and related issues: the Vitiligo Global Issues Consensus Conference. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2012;25:E1-E13.

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2.  Halder RM, Taliaferro SJ. Vitiligo. In: Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2008:616-622.

3.  Dupré A, Christol B. Cockade-like vitiligo and linear vitiligo a variant of fitzpatrick's trichrome vitiligo. Arch Dermatol Res. 1978;262:197-203.

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4.  Ortonne J-P. Vitiligo and other disorders of hypopigmentation. In: Bolognia JL, Jorrizzo JL, Rapini RP, eds. Dermatology. New York, NY: Mosby; 2008:913-938.

5.  Sosa JJ, Currimbhoy SD, Ukoha U, et al. Confetti-like depigmentation: a potential sign of rapidly progressing vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;73:272-275.

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6.  Picardo M, Dell'Anna ML, Ezzedine K, et al. Vitiligo. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15011.

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7.  Taieb A, Picardo M. Clinical practice: vitiligo. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:160-169.

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8.  Alikhan A, Felsten LM, Daly M, et al. Vitiligo: a comprehensive overview. Part I. Introduction, epidemiology, quality of life, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, associations, histopathology, etiology, and work-up. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65:473-491.

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9.  van den Boorn JG, Konijnenberg D, Dellemijn TA, et al. Autoimmune destruction of skin melanocytes by perilesional T cells from vitiligo patients. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129:2220-2232.

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10.  Ogg GS, Rod Dunbar P, Romero P, et al. High frequency of skin-homing melanocyte-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in autoimmune vitiligo. J Exp Med. 1998;188:1203-1208.

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11.  Passeron T, Ortonne JP. Activation of the unfolded protein response in vitiligo: the missing link? J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132:2502-2504.

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12.  Shah AA, Sinha AA. Oxidative stress and autoimmune skin disease. Eur J Dermatol. 2013;23:5-13.

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13.  Laddha NC, Dwivedi M, Mansuri MS, et al. Vitiligo: interplay between oxidative stress and immune system. Exp Dermatol. 2013;22:245-250.

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14.  Toosi S, Orlow SJ, Manga P. Vitiligo-inducing phenols activate the unfolded protein response in melanocytes resulting in upregulation of IL6 and IL8. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132:2601-2609.

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15.  Glassman SJ. Vitiligo, reactive oxygen species and T-cells. Clin Sci (Lond). 2011;120:99-120.

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16.  Schallreuter KU, Bahadoran P, Picardo M, et al. Vitiligo pathogenesis: autoimmune disease, genetic defect, excessive reactive oxygen species, calcium imbalance, or what else? Exp Dermatol. 2008;17:139-140.

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17.  Richmond JM, Frisoli ML, Harris JE. Innate immune mechanisms in vitiligo: danger from within. Curr Opin Immunol. 2013;25:676-682.

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18.  Mosenson JA, Zloza A, Klarquist J, et al. HSP70i is a critical component of the immune response leading to vitiligo. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2012;25:88-98.

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19.  Mosenson JA, Zloza A, Nieland JD, et al. Mutant HSP70 reverses autoimmune depigmentation in vitiligo. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5:174ra28.

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20.  Rashighi M, Agarwal P, Richmond JM, et al. CXCL10 is critical for the progression and maintenance of depigmentation in a mouse model of vitiligo. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6:223ra23.

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21.  van den Boorn JG, Melief CJ, Luiten RM. Monobenzone-induced depigmentation: from enzymatic blockade to autoimmunity. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2011;24:673-679.

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22.  Spritz RA. Six decades of vitiligo genetics: genome-wide studies provide insights into autoimmune pathogenesis. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132:268-273.

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23.  Jin Y, Andersen G, Yorgov D, et al. Genome-wide association studies of autoimmune vitiligo identify 23 new risk loci and highlight key pathways and regulatory variants. Nat Genet. 2016;48:1418-1424.

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24.  Barona MI, Arrunategui A, Falabella R, et al. An epidemiologic case-control study in a population with vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;33:621-625.

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25.  Shankar DS, Shashikala K, Madala R. Clinical patterns of vitiligo and its associated comorbidities: a prospective controlled cross-sectional study in South India. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2012;3:114-118.

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26.  Alkhateeb A, Fain PR, Thody A, et al. Epidemiology of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases in Caucasian probands and their families. Pigment Cell Res. 2003;16:208-214.

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27.  Wu S, Li WQ, Cho E, et al. Use of permanent hair dyes and risk of vitiligo in women. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2015;28:744-746.

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28.  Mason CP, Gawkrodger DJ. Vitiligo presentation in adults. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2005;30:344-345.

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29.  Caron-Schreinemachers AL, Kingswijk MM, Bos JD, et al. UVB 311 nm tolerance of vitiligo skin increases with skin photo type. Acta Derm Venereol. 2005;85:24-26.

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30.  Wagoner MD, Albert DM, Lerner AB, et al. New observations on vitiligo and ocular disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 1983;96:16-26.

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31.  Kroon MW, Joore IC, Wind BS, et al. Low yield of routine screening for thyroid dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with vitiligo. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166:532-538.

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32.  Taieb A, Alomar A, Böhm M, et al; Vitiligo European Task Force (VETF); European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV); Union Européenne des Médecins Spécialistes (UEMS). Guidelines for the management of vitiligo: the European Dermatology Forum consensus. Br J Dermatol. 2013;168:5-19.

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33.  Ongenae K, Beelaert L, van Geel N, et al. Psychosocial effects of vitiligo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2006;20:1-8.

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34.  Suga Y, Ikejima A, Matsuba S, et al. Medical pearl: DHA application for camouflaging segmental vitiligo and piebald lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47:436-438.

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35.  Westerhof W, Nieuweboer-Krobotova L, Mulder PG, et al. Left-right comparison study of the combination of fluticasone propionate and UV-A vs. either fluticasone propionate or UV-A alone for the long-term treatment of vitiligo. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:1061-1066.

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36.  Boone B, Ongenae K, Van Geel N, et al. Topical pimecrolimus in the treatment of vitiligo. Eur J Dermatol. 2007;17:55-61.

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37.  Lepe V, Moncada B, Castanedo-Cazares JP, et al. A double-blind randomized trial of 0.1% tacrolimus vs 0.05% clobetasol for the treatment of childhood vitiligo. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:581-585.

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38.  Hofer A, Hassan AS, Legat FJ, et al. Optimal weekly frequency of 308-nm excimer laser treatment in vitiligo patients. Br J Dermatol. 2005;152:981-985.

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39.  Mavilia L, Mori M, Rossi R, et al. 308 nm monochromatic excimer light in dermatology: personal experience and review of the literature. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2008;143:329-337.

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40.  Razmi T M, Kumar R, Rani S, et al. Combination of follicular and epidermal cell suspension as a novel surgical approach in difficult-to-treat vitiligo: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2018 Mar 1;154(3):301-308.

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41.  Parsad D, Gupta S. Standard guidelines of care for vitiligo surgery. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008;74:S37-S45.

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42.  Na GY, Seo SK, Choi SK. Single hair grafting for the treatment of vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:580-584.

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43.  Falabella R. Surgical approaches for stable vitiligo. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31:1277-1284.

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44.  Radakovic-Fijan S, Furnsinn-Friedl AM, Honigsmann H, et al. Oral dexamethasone pulse treatment for vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:814-817.

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45.  Oakley AM. Rapid repigmentation after depigmentation therapy: vitiligo treated with monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone. Australas J Dermatol. 1996;37:96-98.

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46.  Catona A, Lanzer D. Monobenzone, Superfade, vitiligo and confetti-like depigmentation. Med J Aust. 1987;146:320-321.

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47.  Thissen M, Westerhof W. Laser treatment for further depigmentation in vitiligo. Int J Dermatol. 1997;36:386-388.

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48.  Njoo MD, Vodegel RM, Westerhof W. Depigmentation therapy in vitiligo universalis with topical 4-methoxyphenol and the Q-switched ruby laser. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42:760-769.

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49.  Lim HW, Grimes PE, Agbai O, et al. Afamelanotide and narrowband UV-B phototherapy for the treatment of vitiligo: a randomized multicenter trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151:42-50.

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50.  Craiglow BG, King BA. Tofacitinib citrate for the treatment of vitiligo: a pathogenesis-directed therapy. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151:1110-1112.

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51.  Harris JE, Rashighi M, Nguyen N, et al. Rapid skin repigmentation on oral ruxolitinib in a patient with coexistent vitiligo and alopecia areata (AA). J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;74:370-371.

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52.  Liu LY, Strassner JP, Refat MA, et al. Repigmentation in vitiligo using the Janus kinase inhibitor tofacitinib may require concomitant light exposure. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017 Oct;77(4):675-682.

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53.  Rothstein B, Joshipura D, Saraiya A, et al. Treatment of vitiligo with the topical Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017 Jun;76(6):1054-1060.

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54.  Schallreuter KU, Wood JM, Lemke KR, et al. Treatment of vitiligo with a topical application of pseudocatalase and calcium in combination with short-term UVB exposure: a case study on 33 patients. Dermatology. 1995;190:223-229.

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55.  Dell'Anna ML, Mastrofrancesco A, Sala R, et al. Antioxidants and narrow band-UVB in the treatment of vitiligo: a double-blind placebo controlled trial. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007;32:631-636.

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56.  Middelkamp-Hup MA, Bos JD, Rius-Diaz F, et al. Treatment of vitiligo vulgaris with narrow-band UVB and oral Polypodium leucotomos extract: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007;21:942-950.

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57.  Parsad D, Pandhi R, Juneja A. Effectiveness of oral Ginkgo biloba in treating limited, slowly spreading vitiligo. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2003;28:285-287.

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58.  Lan CC, Wu CS, Chen GS, et al. Helium-neon laser and topical tacrolimus combination therapy: novel treatment option for vitiligo without additional photocarcinogenic risks. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:344-345.

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59.  Yu HS, Wu CS, Yu CL, et al. Helium-neon laser irradiation stimulates migration and proliferation in melanocytes and induces repigmentation in segmental-type vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;120:56-64.

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60.  Gawkrodger DJ, Ormerod AD, Shaw L, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and management of vitiligo. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:1051-1076.

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61.  Whitton ME, Ashcroft DM, Gonzalez U. Therapeutic interventions for vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59:713-717.

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62.  Njoo MD, Das PK, Bos JD, et al. Association of the Koebner phenomenon with disease activity and therapeutic responsiveness in vitiligo vulgaris. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:407-413.

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63.  Calanchini-Postizzi E, Frenk E. Long-term actinic damage in sun-exposed vitiligo and normally pigmented skin. Dermatologica. 1987;174:266-271.

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64.  Hexsel CL, Eide MJ, Johnson CC, et al. Incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer in a cohort of patients with vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60:929-933.

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65.  Schallreuter KU, Tobin DJ, Panske A. Decreased photodamage and low incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer in 136 sun-exposed caucasian patients with vitiligo. Dermatology. 2002;204:194-201.

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66.  Teulings HE, Overkamp M, Ceylan E, et al. Decreased risk of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer in patients with vitiligo: a survey among 1307 patients and their partners. Br J Dermatol. 2013;168:162-171.

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67.  Paradisi A, Tabolli S, Didona B, et al. Markedly reduced incidence of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer in a nonconcurrent cohort of 10,040 patients with vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71:1110-1116.

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68.  Hong CK, Lee MH, Jeong KH, et al. Clinical analysis of hearing levels in vitiligo patients. Eur J Dermatol. 2009;19:50-56.

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