应从三个维度考虑治疗。
应分别考虑每个维度,然后综合起来,做出治疗决定。因为出血程度通常是控制变量,所以根据出血严重程度来确定治疗方式是很有用的。
Rh (血型) 不相容
对于所有病例,都应评估是否有给予抗 D 免疫球蛋白治疗的适应症。如果患者为 Rh 阴性血型,Kleihauer-Betke 试验可以帮助确定是否需要抗 D 免疫球蛋白以及所需的量,以便预防在后续妊娠中出现 Rh 溶血病。
前置胎盘并不会对是否需要抗 D 免疫球蛋白治疗以及给药产生影响,故应遵循标准用药建议。[55]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Management of alloimmunization during pregnancy: ACOG practice bulletin, No. 75. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108:457-464.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16880320?tool=bestpractice.com 在进行临床治疗时,应在 28 孕周给药(当胎儿血型未知或已知为 Rh 阳性时);或对于分娩出 Rh 阳性婴儿,但产后尚未出现致敏反应的 Rh 阴性产妇,在分娩后 72 小时内给药。
如果胎母出血 (fetomaternal haemorrhage, FMH) 量>15 mL 胎儿红细胞,则可能需要额外的抗 D 免疫球蛋白。胎儿红细胞每增加 0.5 mL,应额外给予 10 μg 抗 D 免疫球蛋白。如果出现可能导致胎盘创伤和母-胎界面破裂的事件(例如,胎盘早剥、腹部钝器创伤、脐带穿刺术、胎盘前置伴出血),可考虑进行胎-母出血定量检测。
前置胎盘出血的初步管理
2017 年一项 meta 分析确定,52% 的前置胎盘妊娠女性会在妊娠的后半阶段出现生殖道出血。[56]Fan D, Wu S, Liu L, et al. Prevalence of antepartum hemorrhage in women with placenta previa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2017;7:40320.https://www.nature.com/articles/srep40320http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28067303?tool=bestpractice.com
胎盘位置未知
并不是所有女性在妊娠期间都会接受超声检查,从而无法确认胎盘的位置,有些女性在妊娠后期才就诊,既往没有产前保健。出现出血时,如果孕妇血流动力学足够稳定,则应考虑实施紧急超声检查,以确定胎盘的解剖位置。如果存在子宫压痛,可能提示有胎盘早剥,这种情况可能与前置胎盘同时存在。治疗方法随患者的基础病情进行调整,如果发现有前置胎盘(不伴有早剥),则应遵循下列相应的治疗方法。[5]American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: second and third trimester bleeding. 2013. http://www.acr.org/ (last accessed 31 July 2017).https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69465/Narrative/[45]Sakornbut E, Leeman L, Fontaine P. Late pregnancy bleeding. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75:1199-1206.http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0415/p1199.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17477103?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Magann EF, Cummings JE, Niederhauser A, et al. Antepartum bleeding of unknown origin in the second half of pregnancy: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2005;60:741-745.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16250922?tool=bestpractice.com
已知有前置胎盘
治疗的主要近期目标为稳定母亲的血液动力学指标。次要目标是确保胎儿存活。[15]Oppenheimer L; Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Diagnosis and management of placenta previa. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2007;29:261-266.http://www.jogc.com/article/S1701-2163%2816%2932401-X/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17346497?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Oyelese Y, Smulian JC. Placenta previa, placenta accreta, and vasa previa. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:927-941.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16582134?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Placenta praevia, placenta praevia accreta and vasa praevia: diagnosis and management. Green-top guideline no. 27. January 2011. http://www.rcog.org.uk/ (last accessed 31 July 2017).https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg_27.pdf[42]Neilson JP. Interventions for suspected placenta praevia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD001998.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001998/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12804418?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Sakornbut E, Leeman L, Fontaine P. Late pregnancy bleeding. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75:1199-1206.http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0415/p1199.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17477103?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Bhide A, Thilaganathan B. Recent advances in the management of placenta previa. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2004;16:447-451.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15534438?tool=bestpractice.com
不应进行阴道指诊检查,因为这可能使重度出血变成大出血。出血可在几分钟内从轻度变为重度,因此最好把出血程度估计得严重一些。重度出血通常很明显,但血液偶尔也会汇集在阴道中(然后形成大的凝血块)。
只要还存在明显的出血,就应进行持续的胎心电子监护;胎儿出现损伤(胎心描记异常)通常是重度出血的标志。
如果出血不能减弱,或存在严重的胎儿损伤证据,应立即进行剖宫产。在进行剖宫产时,需在术中常规预防性给予抗生素。
与所有在妊娠期间发生严重出血的病例一样,应遵循关键急救指南的基本要求。
应建立静脉通路。
应考虑尽早给予抗纤维蛋白溶解剂(例如氨甲环酸),因为已证实该类药物对患者具有生存获益。 [58]Gayet-Ageron A, Prieto-Merino D, Ker K, et al. Effect of treatment delay on the effectiveness and safety of antifibrinolytics in acute severe haemorrhage: a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data from 40 138 bleeding patients. Lancet. 2017 Nov 7. pii: S0140-6736(17)32455-8.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32455-8/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29126600?tool=bestpractice.com
应根据适应症补充晶体溶液和血液制品;在决定输血时,应考虑传播传染病(因地区而异)的风险。
检查血型、进行抗体筛查和交叉配血,准备至少 4 个单位的浓缩红细胞(并通知血库可能需要大量输血)。之后进行一系列全血细胞计数 (FBC) 检测(检测的频率取决于出血程度)。如果存在弥漫性血管内凝血的证据,则考虑进行 INR/PTT、纤维蛋白原和纤维蛋白原降解产物检测。
应考虑输新鲜的冰冻血浆和血小板,这取决于血红蛋白水平、血小板计数和凝血功能障碍的程度。
出血初步稳定后:
应请受过适当培训的人员紧急会诊,进行进一步治疗。如果出血受到控制,且情况适宜,应将母亲转诊到具备相应的产科和新生儿专业技术的医疗中心。应进行超声检查(或如果既往有子宫瘢痕形成,则进行 MRI 检查),以确定胎盘的解剖位置。在某些情况下,病情稳定后可在门诊接受治疗。这应由主任医生决定。[42]Neilson JP. Interventions for suspected placenta praevia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD001998.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001998/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12804418?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Love CD, Fernando KJ, Sargent L, et al. Major placenta praevia should not preclude out-patient management. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004;117:24-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15474239?tool=bestpractice.com
前置胎盘的产前管理
主要治疗目的是密切观察妊娠女性和胎儿,如果病情发生恶化,可以安排紧急干预。[15]Oppenheimer L; Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Diagnosis and management of placenta previa. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2007;29:261-266.http://www.jogc.com/article/S1701-2163%2816%2932401-X/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17346497?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Oyelese Y, Smulian JC. Placenta previa, placenta accreta, and vasa previa. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:927-941.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16582134?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Placenta praevia, placenta praevia accreta and vasa praevia: diagnosis and management. Green-top guideline no. 27. January 2011. http://www.rcog.org.uk/ (last accessed 31 July 2017).https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg_27.pdf[42]Neilson JP. Interventions for suspected placenta praevia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD001998.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001998/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12804418?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Sakornbut E, Leeman L, Fontaine P. Late pregnancy bleeding. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75:1199-1206.http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0415/p1199.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17477103?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Bhide A, Thilaganathan B. Recent advances in the management of placenta previa. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2004;16:447-451.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15534438?tool=bestpractice.com
期待疗法[15]Oppenheimer L; Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Diagnosis and management of placenta previa. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2007;29:261-266.http://www.jogc.com/article/S1701-2163%2816%2932401-X/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17346497?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Oyelese Y, Smulian JC. Placenta previa, placenta accreta, and vasa previa. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:927-941.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16582134?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Placenta praevia, placenta praevia accreta and vasa praevia: diagnosis and management. Green-top guideline no. 27. January 2011. http://www.rcog.org.uk/ (last accessed 31 July 2017).https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg_27.pdf[42]Neilson JP. Interventions for suspected placenta praevia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD001998.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001998/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12804418?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Sakornbut E, Leeman L, Fontaine P. Late pregnancy bleeding. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75:1199-1206.http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0415/p1199.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17477103?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Bhide A, Thilaganathan B. Recent advances in the management of placenta previa. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2004;16:447-451.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15534438?tool=bestpractice.com
应向患者提供有关盆腔保护的建议(例如:不要以插入方式性交、不要冲洗阴道),并建议患者应在有明显出血时(例如严重程度超过点状出血)就医。
应告知患者,她们可能会突然发生重度出血,因而应留在容易前往高级医学治疗的区域。
许多低置胎盘会在妊娠期间发生迁移,并自行恢复到正常位置。如果不是完全性前置胎盘,且没有明显出血,应在 28 至 32 周复查超声。如果胎盘已在正常位置,则不需要进一步检查。如果是完全性前置胎盘,则自行恢复的可能性极小。如果有胎盘异常附着的风险(例如既往子宫瘢痕形成),应实施彩色多普勒血流超声检查。除此之外,还可以进行 MRI 检查,以明确胎盘确切的解剖学位置。应由会诊医生决定影像学检查的方法和时间。
根据当地的专业技术和资源,可以转诊到具备相应的产科和新生儿专业技术的医疗中心。
如果合适(24 至 34 孕周),妊娠女性应接受皮质类固醇治疗,以加速胎儿肺成熟。[60]Roberts D, Brown J, Medley N, et al. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(3):CD004454.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004454.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28321847?tool=bestpractice.com[61]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG Committee opinion No. 475: antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:422-424.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21252775?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Crowther CA, McKinlay CJ, Middleton P, et al. Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD003935.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003935.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26142898?tool=bestpractice.comFetal mortality: there is good-quality evidence that, between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation, antenatal corticosteroids are effective in reducing perinatal mortality. Fetal morbidity: there is good-quality evidence that antenatal corticosteroids are effective in reducing respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular haemorrhage, necrotising enterocolitis, and neonatal infections in the first 48 hours of life.系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
如果患者以前发生过出血,或有高出血风险(宫颈缩短或扩张),则需要住院治疗,直到分娩。这个决定应取决于患者的具体情况(在一年当中的时间、与医院的距离、交通条件等)以及当地的资源。[39]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Placenta praevia, placenta praevia accreta and vasa praevia: diagnosis and management. Green-top guideline no. 27. January 2011. http://www.rcog.org.uk/ (last accessed 31 July 2017).https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg_27.pdf
宫颈环扎术的效果尚未明确。应由有经验的主任医生做出相关决定。[39]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Placenta praevia, placenta praevia accreta and vasa praevia: diagnosis and management. Green-top guideline no. 27. January 2011. http://www.rcog.org.uk/ (last accessed 31 July 2017).https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg_27.pdf
早产
虽然尚未确定其有效性,但应尝试阻止分娩。保胎治疗的主要目的是延长妊娠时间,以便给予皮质类固醇。[60]Roberts D, Brown J, Medley N, et al. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(3):CD004454.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004454.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28321847?tool=bestpractice.com[61]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG Committee opinion No. 475: antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:422-424.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21252775?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Crowther CA, McKinlay CJ, Middleton P, et al. Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD003935.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003935.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26142898?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Bose DA, Assel BG, Hill JB, et al. Maintenance tocolytics for preterm symptomatic placenta previa: a review. Am J Perinatol. 2011;28:45-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20607648?tool=bestpractice.com
初步稳定后,如果合适,妊娠女性应接受皮质类固醇治疗,以加速胎儿肺成熟。如果母亲在初始皮质类固醇疗程后的 7 天或更长时间内仍然有早产风险,则皮质类固醇重复给药会降低婴儿出现呼吸道和严重影响健康结局的风险。[60]Roberts D, Brown J, Medley N, et al. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(3):CD004454.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004454.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28321847?tool=bestpractice.com[61]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG Committee opinion No. 475: antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:422-424.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21252775?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Crowther CA, McKinlay CJ, Middleton P, et al. Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD003935.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003935.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26142898?tool=bestpractice.com[64]American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Management of preterm labor: ACOG practice bulletin No. 43. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2003;82:127-135.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12834934?tool=bestpractice.com
如果抑制分娩的尝试失败,则实施剖宫产。
完全性和部分性前置胎盘(足月)
一般而言,在 35 周后,任何程度的覆盖都是将剖宫产作为分娩途径的适应证。[15]Oppenheimer L; Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Diagnosis and management of placenta previa. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2007;29:261-266.http://www.jogc.com/article/S1701-2163%2816%2932401-X/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17346497?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,在这个日期,应为所有完全性和部分性前置胎盘患者安排剖宫产手术。要根据孕龄(可能不确定)、出血程度、是否开始分娩(以及宫口扩张的程度)、输血的危险(因地区而异)、以及是否能提供充分的新生儿护理来决定剖宫产的时间。剖宫产的时间最好安排在约 37 至 38 周。这是基于已经明确了预产期的情况;如果日期不确定,可能还需要进一步检查。在进行剖宫产时,需在术中常规预防性给予抗生素。[15]Oppenheimer L; Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Diagnosis and management of placenta previa. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2007;29:261-266.http://www.jogc.com/article/S1701-2163%2816%2932401-X/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17346497?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Oyelese Y, Smulian JC. Placenta previa, placenta accreta, and vasa previa. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:927-941.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16582134?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Placenta praevia, placenta praevia accreta and vasa praevia: diagnosis and management. Green-top guideline no. 27. January 2011. http://www.rcog.org.uk/ (last accessed 31 July 2017).https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg_27.pdf[42]Neilson JP. Interventions for suspected placenta praevia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD001998.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001998/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12804418?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Sakornbut E, Leeman L, Fontaine P. Late pregnancy bleeding. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75:1199-1206.http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0415/p1199.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17477103?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Bhide A, Thilaganathan B. Recent advances in the management of placenta previa. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2004;16:447-451.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15534438?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者已经临产,则需要进行急诊剖宫产手术,因为出血可能突然加重。如果有可能,首选对控制子宫大出血和剖宫产子宫切除术有经验的手术医生。
应提醒母亲出现手术并发症的可能性,包括剖宫产子宫切除术。应有充足的血液(可能是自体血)供应,并通知血库可能需要大量输血。应将情况告知新生儿护理组的医务人员。
边缘性前置胎盘和低置胎盘(足月)
在 35 孕周进行经阴道超声检查时,宫颈口与胎盘边缘的距离对决定分娩途径有价值。如果胎盘边缘与子宫颈内口的距离>20 mm(低置胎盘),可让妊娠女性尝试分娩,预期成功率很高。对于宫颈口与胎盘边缘的距离<20 mm(边缘性前置胎盘)的妊娠女性,多数会进行剖宫产,但仍有可能经阴道分娩。[15]Oppenheimer L; Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Diagnosis and management of placenta previa. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2007;29:261-266.http://www.jogc.com/article/S1701-2163%2816%2932401-X/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17346497?tool=bestpractice.com
因此,对于有边缘性前置胎盘/低置胎盘、足月、无症状且已临产的患者,可允许其继续尝试分娩,要谨慎监测,并进行会诊,以便做好“两手准备”(如果出血显著或出现胎儿窘迫,可立即转为剖宫产)。[15]Oppenheimer L; Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Diagnosis and management of placenta previa. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2007;29:261-266.http://www.jogc.com/article/S1701-2163%2816%2932401-X/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17346497?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Oyelese Y, Smulian JC. Placenta previa, placenta accreta, and vasa previa. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:927-941.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16582134?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Placenta praevia, placenta praevia accreta and vasa praevia: diagnosis and management. Green-top guideline no. 27. January 2011. http://www.rcog.org.uk/ (last accessed 31 July 2017).https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg_27.pdf[42]Neilson JP. Interventions for suspected placenta praevia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD001998.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001998/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12804418?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Sakornbut E, Leeman L, Fontaine P. Late pregnancy bleeding. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75:1199-1206.http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0415/p1199.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17477103?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Bhide A, Thilaganathan B. Recent advances in the management of placenta previa. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2004;16:447-451.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15534438?tool=bestpractice.com
流产/终止妊娠
存在前置胎盘时,对流产的治疗并没有不同。存在前置胎盘时,在妊娠早期选择性终止妊娠(无论是采取药物或手术方式)的方法并没有不同。然而在妊娠中期,可能首选手术方式来终止妊娠。