认知行为疗法(CBT)是恐怖症的一线治疗方法。[45]Ost LG. Long-term effects of behavior therapy for specific phobia. In: Mavissakalian MR, Prien RF, eds. Long-term treatments of anxiety disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1996:121-170.[46]Gros DF, Antony MM. The assessment and treatment of specific phobias: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006;8:298-303.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16879794?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Antony MM, Barlow DH. Specific phobias. In: Barlow DH, ed. Anxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2002:380-417.[48]Wolitzky-Taylor KB, Horowitz JD, Powers MB, et al. Psychological approaches in the treatment of specific phobias: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28:1021-1037.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18410984?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, et al; Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada; McGill University. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(suppl 1):S1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/25081580/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25081580?tool=bestpractice.com一般情境下短期治疗就可以,仅1-5次的治疗常可以获得显著的改善。[45]Ost LG. Long-term effects of behavior therapy for specific phobia. In: Mavissakalian MR, Prien RF, eds. Long-term treatments of anxiety disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1996:121-170.[46]Gros DF, Antony MM. The assessment and treatment of specific phobias: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006;8:298-303.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16879794?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, et al; Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada; McGill University. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(suppl 1):S1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/25081580/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25081580?tool=bestpractice.com单次全身暴露疗法对儿童和成人恐怖症都是有效的。[50]Zlomke K, Davis TE. One-session treatment of specific phobias: a detailed description and review of treatment efficacy. Behav Ther. 2008;39:207-223.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18721635?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Davis TE, Ollendick TH. Intensive treatment of specific phobias in children and adolescents. Cogn Behav Pract. 2009;16:294-303.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20161063?tool=bestpractice.com主要目标是减少恐惧焦虑,消除回避行为和多余的安全行为,改善功能性能力。考虑既往的治疗、患者的动机、共病的存在、治疗的可获得性和任何治疗障碍很重要。
认知行为疗法
所有症状频发患者的一线治疗是认知行为疗法(CBT),一种技术性干预治疗。[45]Ost LG. Long-term effects of behavior therapy for specific phobia. In: Mavissakalian MR, Prien RF, eds. Long-term treatments of anxiety disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1996:121-170.[46]Gros DF, Antony MM. The assessment and treatment of specific phobias: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006;8:298-303.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16879794?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Antony MM, Barlow DH. Specific phobias. In: Barlow DH, ed. Anxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2002:380-417.[49]Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, et al; Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada; McGill University. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(suppl 1):S1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/25081580/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25081580?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Pompoli A, Furukawa TA, Imai H, et al. Psychological therapies for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(4):CD011004.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011004.pub2/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27071857?tool=bestpractice.comCBT是一种组合治疗,包括教育、自我监督、挑战负性思维模式、逐步暴露和松弛训练。逐步暴露通常被视为CBT治疗恐怖症最重要的环节。[49]Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, et al; Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada; McGill University. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(suppl 1):S1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/25081580/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25081580?tool=bestpractice.com有证据表明,暴露疗法对动物、[53]Gilroy L, Kirkby KC, Daniels BA, et al. Controlled comparison of computer-aided vicarious exposure versus live exposure in the treatment of spider phobia. Behav Ther. 2000;31:733-744.情境、[54]Walder CP, McCracken JS, Herbert M, et al. Psychological intervention in civilian flying phobia: evaluation and a three-year follow-up. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;151:494-498.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3447664?tool=bestpractice.com自然环境、[55]Menzies RG, Clarke JC. A comparison of in vivo and vicarious exposure in the treatment of childhood water phobia. Behav Res Ther. 1993;31:9-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8093340?tool=bestpractice.com血液-注射-损伤型[56]Oar EL, Farrell LJ, Ollendick TH. One session treatment for specific phobias: an adaptation for paediatric blood-injection-injury phobia in youth. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2015;18:370-394.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26374227?tool=bestpractice.com和非典型[57]Greenberg DB, Stern TA, Weilburg JB. The fear of choking: three successfully treated cases. Psychosomatics. 1988;29:126-129.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3340701?tool=bestpractice.com恐怖症有效。
暴露疗法是将患者真实暴露于害怕的对象和情景。通过可预测和可控的方式,暴露于暴露强度渐进增加的恐怖诱因;在延长的时间里持续暴露,保证在恐惧刺激存在时恐惧减轻,产生接近行为;频繁的重复性暴露之后,治疗频次减少。具有幽闭恐怖症相关症状(惧怕封闭空间的情境恐惧症)的患者可能受益于以重复可控的方式逐步暴露于躯体不适感(如过度换气和心动过速),这样可以减少害怕的想法,提高耐受。暴露包括提高逐步接近恐惧对象(文字,图片,视频,实际情境等)时的耐受性。总体目标是随时间推移减少恐惧,没有逃避或回避行为。在某些情境下,最初可以暴露于想象的恐惧情境中。
在对特定恐惧症成人和儿童患者的治疗中,约3小时的单次密集暴露治疗被证实为既高效又有效。[50]Zlomke K, Davis TE. One-session treatment of specific phobias: a detailed description and review of treatment efficacy. Behav Ther. 2008;39:207-223.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18721635?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Davis TE, Ollendick TH. Intensive treatment of specific phobias in children and adolescents. Cogn Behav Pract. 2009;16:294-303.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20161063?tool=bestpractice.com症状改善:有中等可靠的证据表明,在特定恐怖症的成人和儿童样本中,单次集中的以暴露为基础的干预持续约3小时,其治疗有效而且高效。[50]Zlomke K, Davis TE. One-session treatment of specific phobias: a detailed description and review of treatment efficacy. Behav Ther. 2008;39:207-223.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18721635?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Davis TE, Ollendick TH. Intensive treatment of specific phobias in children and adolescents. Cogn Behav Pract. 2009;16:294-303.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20161063?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
逐步暴露疗法可以通过适当的自助材料、计算机辅助程序,以及转诊至心理健康专业人员来实施。
可以利用先进的计算机技术来创建恐惧诱因和情境,虚拟情境疗法治疗飞行和恐高症最有效,尤其在与CBT并用时。[58]Krijn M, Emmelkamp PM, Olafsson RP, et al. Virtual reality exposure therapy of anxiety disorders: a review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2004;24:259-281.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15245832?tool=bestpractice.com[59]da Costa RT, Sardinha A, Nardi AE. Virtual reality exposure in the treatment of fear of flying. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2008;79:899-903.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18785359?tool=bestpractice.com虚拟现实暴露疗法的有效性正在不断增长,如果可获得,则被视为治疗恐怖性焦虑的可行性选项。[49]Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, et al; Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada; McGill University. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(suppl 1):S1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/25081580/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25081580?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Parsons TD, Rizzo AA. Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: a meta-analysis. J Behav Ther Exper Psychiatry. 2008;39:250-261.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17720136?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Meyerbroker K, Emmelkamp PM. Virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: a systematic review of process-and-outcome studies. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27:933-944.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20734361?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Morina N, Ijntema H, Meyerbröker K, et al. Can virtual reality exposure therapy gains be generalized to real-life? A meta-analysis of studies applying behavioral assessments. Behav Res Ther. 2015;74:18-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26355646?tool=bestpractice.com
满灌(泛滥)暴露治疗可能适用于一些患者,其症状对更加突然的、意外的活动,如旅行或医疗过程造成干扰。治疗中,使患者在更长时间内频繁暴露于更强烈的恐惧刺激,同时消除逃离和回避行为。疗法可以被调整为在很短的时间内迅速分级暴露练习。这样潜在的好处就是能够在很短时间内迅速的减少恐惧以及完成必要的活动或治疗。但也可能存在紧张感增加、无法控制、焦虑、提前中断治疗或治疗的前功尽弃。
严重程度不同的恐怖症均建议转诊擅长于CBT疗法的心理卫生技术人员。
应用张力疗法
有晕厥症状的血液注射损伤型恐惧症患者最初可以应用张力疗法,频繁的收缩和舒张大臂、腹部和腿部肌肉群,升高血压和促进血液循环。[63]Hellstrom K, Fellenius J, Ost LG. One versus five sessions of applied tension in the treatment of blood phobia. Behav Res Ther. 1996;34:101-112.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8741718?tool=bestpractice.com因此,患者参加逐步暴露治疗,需追加随机临床试验来评估在伴有或不伴有晕厥史的血液型恐怖症患者中,应用张力疗法的有效性。[64]Ayala ES, Meuret AE, Ritz T. Treatments for blood-injury-injection phobia: a critical review of current evidence. J Psychiat Res. 2009;43:1235-1242.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19464700?tool=bestpractice.com
药物疗法
短期苯二氮䓬类药物已经用于症状干扰不频繁,且需要活动或紧急治疗的患者(例如,针头恐怖症患者需要进行化疗,幽闭恐怖症患者需要做诊断影像,旅行恐怖症患者干扰他们的职业);不过,没有研究表明它的长期疗效。
苯二氮䓬类药物已经作为认知行为治疗 (CBT) 辅助药物,用于伴有极端预想性焦虑的患者;不过,有人担心使用苯二氮䓬类药物可能会影响渐进性暴露疗法的疗效。
其它可以作为CBT辅助治疗的药物有:对并发抑郁或焦虑症,如恐慌症的患者使用的选择性5-羟色胺重摄取抑制剂,并发失眠患者使用的助眠药物。
自助手册
基于CBT原则和自导暴露疗法,自助指南是有效的,是患者更好的选择。[65]Ghosh A, Marks IM, Carr AC. Therapist contact and outcome of self-exposure treatment for phobias: a controlled study. Br J Psychiatry. 1988;152:234-238.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3048523?tool=bestpractice.com一个实证支持的自助指南推荐。[66]Marks IM. Living with fear. 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001.与标准治疗、等待名单或松弛干预治疗相比,以CBT为基础的自助手册更有效,尽管这还需要额外的长期随访和成本效果分析。[67]Barlow JH, Ellard DR, Hainsworth JM, et al. A review of self-management interventions for panic disorders, phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2005;111:272-285.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15740463?tool=bestpractice.com
计算机辅助治疗
计算机辅助治疗也可以作为一种有效的手段用于以暴露为基础的治疗。[68]Schneider AJ, Mataix-Cols D, Marks IM, et al. Internet-guided self-help with or without exposure therapy for phobic and panic disorders. Psychother Psychosom. 2005;74:154-164.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15832066?tool=bestpractice.com荟萃分析研究普遍支持,使用计算机辅助的暴露干预组效果优于处于等待名单的对照组。[69]Reger MA, Gahm GA. A meta-analysis of the effects of internet- and computer-based cognitive-behavioral treatments for anxiety. J Clin Psychol. 2009;65:53-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19051274?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Ferriter M, Kaltenthaler E, Parry G, et al. Computerised cognitive behaviour therapy for phobias and panic disorder: a systematic review (Provisional abstract). J Pub Ment Health. 2008;7:15-22.[71]Olthuis JV, Watt MC, Bailey K, et al. Therapist-supported internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(3):CD011565.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011565.pub2/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26968204?tool=bestpractice.com一项随机对照临床试验表明,网络引导暴露法和单次实物暴露法对蜘蛛恐怖症的治疗都是有效的,尽管对恐怖症的疗效和在行为方式任务上所达到的临床显著变化所占的比例在实物暴露法组中更为显著。[72]Andersson G, Waara J, Jonsson U, et al. Internet-based self-help versus one-session exposure in the treatment of spider phobia: a randomized controlled trial. Cogn Behav Therapy. 2009;38:114-120.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20183690?tool=bestpractice.com
在英国,国家卫生研究院建议使用“恐惧斗士”。FearFighter panic & phobia treatment北美正在对计算机辅助治疗进行调研,没有开始商业销售。
其他治疗方法
推荐包含亲属或朋友参与的治疗将增加个体对治疗干预的依从性。家庭参与对于儿童治疗特别重要。
转诊
在循证治疗前咨询心理健康专家是非常重要的,而对治疗进展和安全性的监控通常由专科医生完成。所有转诊病例的转诊医生和心理健康专家必须保持合作,定期联系。障碍更严重或症状更复杂的患者需要由擅长 CBT 的主任医生进行评估。
对不愿寻求精神卫生专业人员帮助的患者,与他们讨论转诊的选择方案是有用的。讨论时,可提供矫正信息和强化动机。对于拒绝看心理健康专家的患者也可使用自助类书籍或自我指导暴露原则相关的计算机课程。
儿童患者
无论恐惧症严重程度如何,均应转诊至CBT专科心理健康专业人士处进行儿童焦虑症治疗。
在家庭环境中的暴露治疗,父母的参与对鼓励孩子进行训练是很重要的。有些儿童受益于应急管理方案,被激励出接近行为。应急管理方案包括奖励在面对恐惧的情境和对象时有积极行为的患者。奖励包括积极的言语鼓励,糖果和积分系统(例如积攒积分换取心仪的玩具)。只有接近刺激物行为完成后才能获得奖励。应急管理可应用在急性发病以及当儿童拒绝或进行以暴露为基础的标准干预治疗有困难的情境。父母可以接受应急管理训练便于暴露治疗顺利进行。相对于青少年和成人患者,应急管理方案对年幼的儿童患者更为有效。
对于成人,一线的CBT治疗是基本相同的,包括逐步灌满暴露疗法、满灌(泛滥)暴露治疗和/或用于晕厥的应用张力疗法。家长参与的个人和团体CBT模式是管理儿童恐怖症的有效方法。[73]Silverman WK, Pina AA, Viswesvaran C. Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2008;37:105-130.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18444055?tool=bestpractice.com儿童症状的改善:有可靠的证据表明,家长参与的个人和团体CBT模式是管理儿童恐怖症的有效方法。[73]Silverman WK, Pina AA, Viswesvaran C. Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2008;37:105-130.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18444055?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。儿童期恐怖症也适合接受单次集中暴露法的干预。[51]Davis TE, Ollendick TH. Intensive treatment of specific phobias in children and adolescents. Cogn Behav Pract. 2009;16:294-303.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20161063?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Ollendick TH, Davis TE 3rd. One-session treatment for specific phobias: a review of Öst's single-session exposure with children and adolescents. Cogn Behav Ther. 2013;42:275-283.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23957749?tool=bestpractice.com症状改善:有中等可靠的证据表明,在特定恐怖症的成人和儿童样本中,单次集中的以暴露为基础的干预持续约3小时,其治疗有效而且高效。[50]Zlomke K, Davis TE. One-session treatment of specific phobias: a detailed description and review of treatment efficacy. Behav Ther. 2008;39:207-223.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18721635?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Davis TE, Ollendick TH. Intensive treatment of specific phobias in children and adolescents. Cogn Behav Pract. 2009;16:294-303.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20161063?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
一项随机对照临床试验表明,无论是以儿童为重点还是父母增强的一次性治疗都是有效的。尚未发现父母增强治疗有助于产生更大的效益,但这方面尚待进行更多的研究。[75]Ollendick TH, Halldorsdottir T, Fraire MG, et al. Specific phobias in youth: a randomized controlled trial comparing one-session treatment to a parent-augmented one-session treatment. Behav Ther. 2015;46:141-155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4319561/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25645164?tool=bestpractice.com
在有原发性焦虑症(包括特定恐怖症)的儿童中,与计算机辅助教育支持组相比,计算机辅助治疗组的焦虑减轻和功能改善幅度更大。[76]Khanna MS, Kendall PC. Computer-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for child anxiety: results of a randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2010;78:737-745.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20873909?tool=bestpractice.com
与成人文献类似的是,关于药物治疗儿童和青少年的特定恐怖症益处的数据有限。