恐怖症

Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, et al. The epidemiology of DSM-IV specific phobia in the USA: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychol Med. 2007;37:1047-1059.

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Pull CB. Recent trends in the study of specific phobias. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2008;21:43-50.

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Davey GC. Classical conditioning and the acquisition of human fears and phobias: a review and synthesis of the literature. Adv Behav Res Ther. 1992;14:29-66.

Gros DF, Antony MM. The assessment and treatment of specific phobias: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006;8:298-303.

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Antony MM, Barlow DH. Specific phobias. In: Barlow DH, ed. Anxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2002:380-417.

Wolitzky-Taylor KB, Horowitz JD, Powers MB, et al. Psychological approaches in the treatment of specific phobias: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28:1021-1037.

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Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, et al; Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada; McGill University. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(suppl 1):S1.

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Hellstrom K, Fellenius J, Ost LG. One versus five sessions of applied tension in the treatment of blood phobia. Behav Res Ther. 1996;34:101-112.

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1.  American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

2.  Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, et al. The epidemiology of DSM-IV specific phobia in the USA: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychol Med. 2007;37:1047-1059.

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3.  Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:593-602.

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5.  Kim SJ, Kim BN, Cho SC, et al. The prevalence of specific phobia and assocatied co-morbid features in children and adolescents. J Anxiety Disord. 2010;24:629-634.

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8.  Greiner S, Schuurmans J, Goldfarb M, et al. The epidemiology of specific phobia and subthreshold fear subtypes in a community-based sample of older adults. Depress Anxiety. 2011;28:456-463.

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9.  Collaborating Centre for Mental Health World Health Organisation. WHO Guide to Mental and Neurological Health in Primary Care. Prevalence of mental disorders in men and women. 2nd edition. London:Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd;2004.

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11.  LeBeau RT, Glenn D, Liao B, et al. Specific phobia: a review of DSM-IV specific phobia and proposals for DSM-V. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27:148-167.

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12.  Arrindell WA, Eisemann M, Richter J, et al. Phobic anxiety in 11 nations. Part 1: dimensional constancy of the five-factor model. Behav Res Ther. 2003;41:461-479.

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13.  Pull CB. Recent trends in the study of specific phobias. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2008;21:43-50.

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14.  Davey GC, McDonald AS, Hirisave U, et al. A cross-cultural study of animal fears. Behav Res Ther. 1998;36:735-750.

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15.  Rachman S. The conditioning theory of fear-acquisition: a critical examination. Behav Res Ther. 1977;15:375-387.

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18.  Marks IM. Blood-injury phobia: a review. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145:1207-1213.

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19.  Czajkowski N, Kendler KS, Tambs K, et al. The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for phobias in women. Psychol Med. 2011;41:1987-1995.

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20.  Van Houtem CM, Laine ML, Boomsma DI, et al. A review and meta-analysis of the heritability of specific phobia subtypes and corresponding fears. J Anxiety Disord. 2013;27:379-388.

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21.  Goossens L, Sunaert S, Peeters R, et al. Amygdala hyperfunction in phobic fear normalizes after exposure. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62:1119-1125.

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22.  Straube T, Mentzel HJ, Miltner WH. Neural mechanisms of automatic and direct processing of phobogenic stimuli in specific phobia. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59:162-170.

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23.  Schienle A, Schafer A, Walter B, et al. Brain activation of spider phobics towards disorder-relevant, generally disgust- and fear-inducing pictures. Neurosci Lett. 2005;388:1-6.

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24.  Straube T, Mentzel HJ, Miltner WH. Waiting for spiders: brain activation during anticipatory anxiety in spider phobics. Neuroimage. 2007;37:1427-1436.

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25.  Damsa C, Kosel M, Moussally J, et al. Current status of brain imagining in anxiety disorders. Curr Op Psychiatry. 2009;22:96-110.

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26.  Ipser JC, Singh L, Stein DJ. Meta-analysis of functional brain imaging in specific phobia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;67:311-322.

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27.  Michelgard A, Appel L, Pissiota A, et al. Symptom provocation in specific phobia affects substance P neurokinin-1 receptor system. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61:1002-1006.

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28.  Del Casale A, Ferracuti S, Rapinesi C, et al. Functional neuroimaging in specific phobia. Psychiatry Res. 2012;202:181-197.

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29.  Ost LG. Blood and injection phobia: background and cognitive, physiological, and behavioral variables. J Abnorm Psychol. 1992;101:68-74.

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30.  Page AC. The role of disgust in faintness elicited by blood and injection stimuli. J Anxiety Disord. 2003;17:45-58.

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31.  Davey GC. Classical conditioning and the acquisition of human fears and phobias: a review and synthesis of the literature. Adv Behav Res Ther. 1992;14:29-66.

32.  Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, et al. The genetic epidemiology of phobias in women: the interrelationship of agoraphobia, social phobia, situational phobia, and simple phobia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49:273-281.

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33.  Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA. Fears and phobias: reliability and heritability. Psychol Med. 1999;29:539-553.

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34.  Neale MC, Walters EE, Eaves LJ, et al. Genetics of blood-injury fears and phobias: a population-based twin study. Am J Med Genet. 1994;54:326-334.

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35.  Breinholst S, Esbjorn BH, Reinholdt-Dunne ML, et al. CBT for the treatment of child anxiety disorders: a review of why parental involvement has not enhanced outcomes. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26:416-424.

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36.  Ollendick TH, Muris P. The scientific legacy of Little Hans and Little Albert: future directions for research on specific phobias in youth. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2015;44:689-706.

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37.  Beesdo K, Knappe S, Pine DS. Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2009;32:483-524.

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38.  Cisler JM, Koster EH. Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30:203-216.

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39.  Antony MM, Orsillo SM, Roemer L. Practitioner's guide to empirically based measures of anxiety. New York, Springer Publishing; 2001.

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41.  Albano AM, Silverman WK. Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV, child/parent version. Albany, NY: Graywind Publications; 1996.

42.  Brown TA, Barlow DH. Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-5 (ADIS-5) - adult version. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2014.

43.  Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, et al. Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:980-988.

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44.  World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision. Geneva: WHO; 2007.

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45.  Ost LG. Long-term effects of behavior therapy for specific phobia. In: Mavissakalian MR, Prien RF, eds. Long-term treatments of anxiety disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1996:121-170.

46.  Gros DF, Antony MM. The assessment and treatment of specific phobias: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006;8:298-303.

• 摘要

47.  Antony MM, Barlow DH. Specific phobias. In: Barlow DH, ed. Anxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2002:380-417.

48.  Wolitzky-Taylor KB, Horowitz JD, Powers MB, et al. Psychological approaches in the treatment of specific phobias: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28:1021-1037.

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49.  Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, et al; Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada; McGill University. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(suppl 1):S1.

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50.  Zlomke K, Davis TE. One-session treatment of specific phobias: a detailed description and review of treatment efficacy. Behav Ther. 2008;39:207-223.

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51.  Davis TE, Ollendick TH. Intensive treatment of specific phobias in children and adolescents. Cogn Behav Pract. 2009;16:294-303.

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52.  Pompoli A, Furukawa TA, Imai H, et al. Psychological therapies for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(4):CD011004.

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53.  Gilroy L, Kirkby KC, Daniels BA, et al. Controlled comparison of computer-aided vicarious exposure versus live exposure in the treatment of spider phobia. Behav Ther. 2000;31:733-744.

54.  Walder CP, McCracken JS, Herbert M, et al. Psychological intervention in civilian flying phobia: evaluation and a three-year follow-up. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;151:494-498.

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55.  Menzies RG, Clarke JC. A comparison of in vivo and vicarious exposure in the treatment of childhood water phobia. Behav Res Ther. 1993;31:9-15.

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56.  Oar EL, Farrell LJ, Ollendick TH. One session treatment for specific phobias: an adaptation for paediatric blood-injection-injury phobia in youth. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2015;18:370-394.

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57.  Greenberg DB, Stern TA, Weilburg JB. The fear of choking: three successfully treated cases. Psychosomatics. 1988;29:126-129.

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58.  Krijn M, Emmelkamp PM, Olafsson RP, et al. Virtual reality exposure therapy of anxiety disorders: a review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2004;24:259-281.

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59.  da Costa RT, Sardinha A, Nardi AE. Virtual reality exposure in the treatment of fear of flying. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2008;79:899-903.

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60.  Parsons TD, Rizzo AA. Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: a meta-analysis. J Behav Ther Exper Psychiatry. 2008;39:250-261.

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61.  Meyerbroker K, Emmelkamp PM. Virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: a systematic review of process-and-outcome studies. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27:933-944.

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62.  Morina N, Ijntema H, Meyerbröker K, et al. Can virtual reality exposure therapy gains be generalized to real-life? A meta-analysis of studies applying behavioral assessments. Behav Res Ther. 2015;74:18-24.

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63.  Hellstrom K, Fellenius J, Ost LG. One versus five sessions of applied tension in the treatment of blood phobia. Behav Res Ther. 1996;34:101-112.

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64.  Ayala ES, Meuret AE, Ritz T. Treatments for blood-injury-injection phobia: a critical review of current evidence. J Psychiat Res. 2009;43:1235-1242.

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65.  Ghosh A, Marks IM, Carr AC. Therapist contact and outcome of self-exposure treatment for phobias: a controlled study. Br J Psychiatry. 1988;152:234-238.

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66.  Marks IM. Living with fear. 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001.

67.  Barlow JH, Ellard DR, Hainsworth JM, et al. A review of self-management interventions for panic disorders, phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2005;111:272-285.

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68.  Schneider AJ, Mataix-Cols D, Marks IM, et al. Internet-guided self-help with or without exposure therapy for phobic and panic disorders. Psychother Psychosom. 2005;74:154-164.

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69.  Reger MA, Gahm GA. A meta-analysis of the effects of internet- and computer-based cognitive-behavioral treatments for anxiety. J Clin Psychol. 2009;65:53-75.

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70.  Ferriter M, Kaltenthaler E, Parry G, et al. Computerised cognitive behaviour therapy for phobias and panic disorder: a systematic review (Provisional abstract). J Pub Ment Health. 2008;7:15-22.

71.  Olthuis JV, Watt MC, Bailey K, et al. Therapist-supported internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(3):CD011565.

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72.  Andersson G, Waara J, Jonsson U, et al. Internet-based self-help versus one-session exposure in the treatment of spider phobia: a randomized controlled trial. Cogn Behav Therapy. 2009;38:114-120.

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73.  Silverman WK, Pina AA, Viswesvaran C. Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2008;37:105-130.

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74.  Ollendick TH, Davis TE 3rd. One-session treatment for specific phobias: a review of Öst's single-session exposure with children and adolescents. Cogn Behav Ther. 2013;42:275-283.

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75.  Ollendick TH, Halldorsdottir T, Fraire MG, et al. Specific phobias in youth: a randomized controlled trial comparing one-session treatment to a parent-augmented one-session treatment. Behav Ther. 2015;46:141-155.

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76.  Khanna MS, Kendall PC. Computer-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for child anxiety: results of a randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2010;78:737-745.

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77.  Ressler KJ, Rothbaum BO, Tannenbaum L, et al. Cognitive enhancers as adjuncts to psychotherapy: use of D-cycloserine in phobic individuals to facilitate extinction of fear. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:1136-1144.

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78.  Nave AM, Tolin DF, Stevens MC. Exposure therapy, d-cycloserine, and functional magnetic resonance imaging in patients with snake phobia: a randomized pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73:1179-1186.

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79.  Trumpf J, Becker ES, Vriends N, et al. Rates and predictors of remission in young women with specific phobia: a prospective community study. J Anx Disorders. 2009;23:958-964.

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80.  Berlin I, Bisserbe JC, Eiber R, et al. Phobic symptoms, particularly the fear of blood and injury, are associated with poor glycemic control in type I diabetic adults. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:176-178.

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